Paper Status Tracking
Contact us
customer@davidpublishing.com
Click here to send a message to me 3275638434
Paper Publishing WeChat

Article
Affiliation(s)

1. PhD. Architecture (UPV), PhD. Building Engineering (UPV), PhD. Computer Engineering (UPC-MIT), PhD Medicine (UV), PhD. Cognitive Neuroscience (UV), PhD. History of Art (UV), PhD. Fine Arts (UPV). Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia 46022, Spain 2. PhD. student, Aerospace Engineering, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid 28040, Spain 3. AAA Research Center, Valencia 46022, Spain

ABSTRACT

This study examines the contribution of deep bioclimatic design to the overall sustainability performance of buildings in warm climates. To this end, the sustainability scores of a house designed according to deep bioclimatic principles were compared with those of a conventionally designed building using 11 of the most widely recognized GBRS (Green Building Rating Systems). The results indicate that all GBRS evaluated the deep bioclimatic house in warm climates as more sustainable than the conventional counterpart. Nevertheless, the scores exhibited considerable variability among the rating systems. Only three GBRS clearly identified the significant advantages associated with deep bioclimatic design, whereas the remaining systems assigned relatively low scores, and three of them scarcely reflected its benefits. This occurred despite the fact that the analyzed bioclimatic house demonstrated a 56.0% reduction in energy consumption compared to a conventional building, in addition to other environmental benefits. Based on the average results across the 11 GBRS, the contribution of deep bioclimatic design to building sustainability was estimated at 11.99%. However, when considering only the average results of the three GBRS that most effectively captured bioclimatic performance, this contribution increased to 21.08%. These findings are consistent with previous research and may therefore be extrapolated to residential or non-residential buildings incorporating deep bioclimatic design principles in warm climates, which enable thermal regulation and the maintenance of indoor thermal comfort without reliance on air-conditioning systems.

KEYWORDS

Deep bioclimatic design, Green Building Rating System, improving future GBRS, passive design, sustainable evaluation.

Cite this paper

Luis De Garrido.Quantifying the Contribution of Deep Bioclimatic Design to the Sustainable Level of Buildings in Warm Climates.Journal of Environmental Science and Engineering B 15 (2026) 69-88

References
[1] Borrallo-Jiménez, M., Lopez De Asiain, M., Esquivias, P. M., and Delgado-Trujillo, D. 2022. “Comparative Study between the Passive House Standard in Warm Climates and Nearly Zero Energy Buildings under Spanish Technical Building Code in a Dwelling Design in Seville, Spain.” Energy and Buildings 254: 111570. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2021.111570.
[2] De Garrido, L. 2012. Self-sufficient Green Architecture. Chicago: Monsa. 96 pages. ISBN:978-84-15223-76-4.
[3] De Garrido, L. 2014. Extreme Bioclimatic Architecture. Chicago: Monsa. 112 pages. ISBN:978-84-15829-55-3.
[4] Carter, C., and Zhao, J. 2018. “Passivhaus Lived Experience: More Than a Spreadsheet.” PLEA 2018, Conference on Passive and Low Energy Architecture, 2018, December 10-12, Hong Kong, China. http://eprints.lincoln.ac.uk/id/
eprint/35349/.
[5] Colclough, S., O’Leary, T., Hewitt, N., and Griffiths, P. 2017. “The Near Zero Energy Building Standard and the Passivhaus Standard—A Case Study.” In Design to Thrive: Proceedings Volume 1, PLEA 2017 Conference (1): 385-92. https://pure.ulster.ac.uk/en/publications/the-near-zero-energy-building-standard-and-the-passivhaus-standar-2.
[6] Costanzo, V., Fabbri, K., and Piraccini, S. 2018. “Stressing the Passive Behavior of a Passivhaus: An Evidence-Based Scenario Analysis for a Mediterranean Case Study.” Building and Environment 142: 265-77. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2018.06.035.
[7] De Garrido, L. 2014. Zero Energy Architecture. Chicago: Editorial Monsa. 112 pages. ISBN:978-84-15829-54-6.
[8] Lavaf Pour, Y. 2017. “Self-Shading Facade Geometries to Control Summer Overheating in UK Passivhaus Dwellings for Current and Future Climate Scenarios.” Doctoral dissertation, University of Liverpool. doi:10.17638/03009183.
[9] Zhao, J., and Carter, K. 2016. “Barriers and Opportunities in the Design and Delivery of Social Housing Passivhaus for Adaptive Comfort.” Proceedings of 9th Windsor Conference: Making Comfort Relevant. Cumberland Lodge, 2016, April 7-10, Windsor, United Kingdom. https://eprints.lincoln.ac.uk/id/eprint/32463/1/WC16_Zhao.pdf.
[10] Liu, C., Mohammadpourkarbasi, H., and Sharples, S. 2020, September 1-3. “Analysing Energy Savings and Overheating Risks of Retrofitting Chinese Rural Dwellings to the Passivhaus EnerPHit Standard.” PLEA 2020, 35th International Conference on Passive and Low Energy Architecture, A Coruña, Spain. https://livrepository.liverpool.ac.uk/id/eprint/3097751.
[11] Mitchell, R., and Natarajan, S. 2020. “UK Passivhaus and the Energy Performance Gap.” Energy and Buildings 224: 110240. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2020.110240.
[12] Saldanha, C. M., and O’Brien, S. M. 2016. “A Study of Energy Use in New York City and LEED-Certified Buildings (ASHRAE and IBPSA-USA SimBuild 2016).” Building Performance Modeling Conference, Salt Lake City, UT, August 8-12, 2016.
[13] De Garrido, L. 2025. “Quantifying the Joint Contribution of Demountable Construction and Bioclimatic Design to a Building’s Sustainability. Case Study: Beardon Eco-House.” Journal of Sustainable Development 18 (6): 133-59. https://doi.org/10.5539/jsd.v18n6p133.
[14] De Garrido, L. 2025. “Vitrohouse. A Demountable House Built Entirely with Flat Glass. Technical, Bioclimatic, and Sustainable Analysis.” Journal of Environmental Science and Engineering B 14 (5): 225-54. https://doi.org/10.17265/2162-5263/2025.05.004.
[15] De Garrido, L., and Paya-Laforzeta, I. 2025. “Aportación del diseño bioclimático al nivel de sostenibilidad de los edificios.” International Congress iENER, 3-4 July 2025. Universidad Politécnica de Madrid. Mining and Energy Engineering Faculty.
[16] De Garrido, L., and Picco, N. 2025. “Ventajas sostenibles y eficiencia energética de la construcción modular y bioclimática.” International Congress iENER, 3-4 July 2025. Universidad Politécnica de Madrid. Mining and Energy Engineering Faculty.
[17] Altan, H., and Binh, K. N. 2011. “Comparative Review of Five Sustainable Rating Systems.” Procedia Engineering 21: 376-86. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2011.11.2029.
[18] Andújar, J. M., Gómez, S., and Sánchez, A. 2020. “Green Building Rating Systems and the New Framework Level(s): A Critical Review of Sustainability Certification within Europe.” Energies 13 (1): 66. https://doi.org/10.3390/en13010066.
[19] Bernardi, E., Carlucci, S., Cornaro, C., and Bohne, R. A. 2017. “An Analysis of the Most Adopted Rating Systems for Assessing the Environmental Impact of Buildings.” Sustainability 9 (7): 1226. https://doi.org/10.3390/su9071226.
[20] Tang, K. H. D., Foo, C. Y. H., and Tan, I. S.  2020. “A Review of the Green Building Rating Systems. IOP Conference Series.” Materials Science and Engineering 943 (1). doi:10.1088/1757-899X/943/1/012060.
[21] Varma, C. R. S., and Palaniappan, S. 2019. “Comparision of Green Building Rating Schemes Used in North America, Europe and Asia.” Habitat International 89: 101989. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.habitatint.2019.05.008.
[22] Mariposa. 2025. https://luisdegarrido.com/es/mariposa-eco-house-luis-de-garrido-vivienda-ecologica-bioclimatica-y-autosuficiente-con-consumo-energetico-cero-real-a-precio-convencional/.
[23] Hikersbay.com. n.d. https://hikersbay.com/climate-conditions/colombia/cali/clima-en-cali.html?lang=es.
[24] Refrinorte. 2025. https://www.refrinorte.com/rnte/calculo.
[25] De Garrido, L., and Paya-Laforzeta, I. 2025. “Análisis comparativo de los principales sistemas de evaluación sostenible de edificios.” International Congress EDIFICATE, 13-14 November 2025. Burgos University. Building Engineering Faculty.
[26] ASGB. 2019. Assessment Standard for Green Building. https://www.eia543.com/documents/14%E5%BB%BA%E7%AD%91%E8%AE%BE%E8%AE%A1%26%E5%AE%A4%E5%86%85%E7%A9%BA%E6%B0%94%E6%B1%A1%E6%9F%93%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6/%E7%BB%BF%E8%89%B2%E5%BB%BA%E7%AD%91%E8%AF%84%E4%BB%B7%E6%A0%87%E5%87%86%EF%BC%88GB%20T%2050378-2019%EF%BC%89.pdf.
[27] BEAM. 2024. Building Environmental Assessment Method, HK-BEAM Plus. 4/04 New Buildings—Technical Manual. https://www.ibeam.hk/public/knowledgeDatabase/?tab=downloadArea, https://www.beamsociety.org.hk/files/_4-04%20New%20Buildings%20(Full%20Version).pdf, https://www.beamsociety.org.hk/en/BEAM-Plus/BEAM-Plus-New-Buildings.
[28] BREEAM. 2020. Building Research Establishment Environmental Assessment Methodology, BREEAM UK New Construction 2018 3.0—Technical Manual. https://breeam.es/manuales-tecnicos. 
[29] Building Research Establishment Group. BREEAM Worldwide. 2019. https://www.breeam.com/worldwide.
[30] CEDES. 2024. CEDES Technical Manual, GBRS Designed by National Association for Sustainable Architecture in Spain. https://www.anas-sostenible.com/https://www.anas-sostenible.com/CEDES-web-ENGLISH-ok.
[31] De Garrido, L. 2025. “CEDES: A Complete, Legitimate and Seamless Green Building Rating System.” Journal of Sustainable Development 18 (6): 42-76. https://doi.org/10.
5539/jsd.v18n6p42.
[32] DGNB. 2023. Deutsche Gesellschaft für Nachhaltiges Bauen, DNGB System 2023—Technical Manual. https://www.dgnb.de/en/certification/buildings/new-construction/version-2023.
[33] GBI. 2014. Green Building Index, 2014 V. 3.1—Technical Manual. https://www.greenbuildingindex.org/gbi-tools/
https://www.greenbuildingindex.org/Files/Resources/GBI%20Tools/RNC%20Reference%20Guide%20V3.1.pdf (residential buildings), https://www.greenbuildingindex.
org/Files/Resources/GBI%20Tools/RNC%20Reference%20Guide%20Amendment%20Notes%203.1.pdf.
[34] GG. 2022. Green Globes, Green Globes New Construction 2021—Technical Reference Manual Version 1.0—September 2022. https://thegbi.org/wpcontent/uploads/
2022/11/Green_Globes_NC_2021_ES__BEQ_Technical_Reference_Manual.pdf.
[35] GS. 2022. Green Star, Green Star Design & As Built V1.2—Technical Manual. https://s3.ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com/hdp.au.prod.app.nthbch, yoursay.files/1415/6214/8137/2018_701322__Green_Star_Design_and_As_Built_Submission_Guideline, v1.2_GBCA_1.PDF, https://www.gbca.org.au/shop/green-star-rating-tools/#.
[36] IGBC. 2019. Indian Green Building Council, IGBC Green New Buildings Rating Systems V3.0—Technical Manual. https://igbc.in/igbc-green-homes.php.
[37] LEED. 2019. Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design, LEED v4.1 Residential BD+C Multifamily Homes—Technical Manual. https://www.usgbc.org/
tools/leed-certification/homes_CLASIFICACION.pdf, http://www.spaingbc.org/web/leedv4-1-bd+c.php.
[38] SBTools. 2022. SBTools for Performance Assessment 2022. https://www.iisbe.org/sbmethod.
[39] De Garrido, L. 2008. Analysis of Sustainable Architecture Projects. “Artificial Natures 2001-2008”. New York: McGraw-Hill. 485 pages. ISBN:978-84-481-6802-5.
[40] De Garrido, L. 2012. A New Paradigm in Architecture. Chicago: Monsa. 528 pages. ISBN:978-84-152-2375-7.
[41] De Garrido, L. 2017. Manual of Advanced Ecological Architecture. Florida: Editorial Nobuko Design. 354 pages. ISBN:978-98-74160126.
[42] Chen, X., Yang, H., and Lu, L. 2015. “A Comprehensive Review on Passive Design Approaches in Green Building Rating Tools.” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 50 (C): 1425-36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.
2015.06.003.
[43] Katiyar, M., Sahu, A. K., Agarwal, S. K., and Tiwari, P. K. 2021. “Role of Spatial Design in Green Buildings—A Critical Review of Green Building Rating Systems.” IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1116 (1): 12-166. https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1116/1/012166.
[44] Lee, W. 2013. “A Comprehensive Review of Metrics of Building Environmental Assessment Schemes.” Energy and Buildings 62: 403-13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2013.03.014.
[45] Montes, G. M., Bayo, J. A., Escobar, B. M., Mattinzioli, T., and Pinazo, M. A. 2021. “Sustainability Building Rating Systems. A Critical Review Time for Change?” In Project Management and Engineering Research, pp. 391-404, edited by Ayuso Muñoz, J. L., Yagüe Blanco, J. L., and Capuz-Rizo, S. F. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-54410-2_28.
[46] Scofield, J. H. 2009. Do LEED-Certified Buildings Save Energy? Not Really… Energy and Buildings 41: 1386-90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2009.08.006.
[47] Scofield, J. H., and Cornell, J. 2019. “A Critical Look at ‘Energy Savings, Emissions Reductions, and Health Co-benefits of the Green Building Movement.’” Journal of Exposure Science & Environmental Epidemiology 29: 584-93. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41370-018-0078-1.pdf.
[48] Conniff, R. 2017. “Why Don’t Green Buildings Live up to Hype on Energy Efficiency?” New Haven, CT: Yale Environment 360. https://e360.yale.edu/features/why-dont-green-buildings-live-up-to-hype-on-energy-efficiency.
[49] Ali, A., Juudit, O., and Jaana, S. 2019. “Are Buildings with LEED Certifications Energy Efficient in Practice?” Sustainability 11 (6): 1672. https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/11/6/1672.
[50] Amiri, A., Ottelin, J., and Sorvari, J. 2019. “Are LEED-Certified Buildings Energy-Efficient in Practice?” Sustainability 11 (6): 1672. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11061672.
[51] Scofield, J. H., and Doane, J. 2018. “Energy Performance of LEED-Certified Buildings from 2015 Chicago Benchmarking Data.” Energy and Buildings 174: 402-13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2018.06.019.
[52] Imam, S., Coley, D., and Walker, I. 2017. “The Building Performance Gap: Are Modellers Literate?” Building Services Engineering Research and Technology 38 (3): 351-75. https://doi.org/10.1177/0143624416684641.
[53] LEED Litigations. 2011. https://www.greenbuilding
lawupdate.com/2015/07/articles/leed/the-first-green-building-litigation-the-rest-of-the-story/https://www.
hahnlaw.com/news/contractors-and-owners-beware-lawsuit-follows-green-construction, https://www.
greenbuildinglawupdate.com/files/2011/02/gifford-amended-complaint.pdf, https://www.greenbuilding
lawupdate.com/2011/02/articles/legal-developments/
giffords-leed-lawsuit-takes-new-shape.


About | Terms & Conditions | Issue | Privacy | Contact us
Copyright © 2001 - David Publishing Company All rights reserved, www.davidpublisher.com
3 Germay Dr., Unit 4 #4651, Wilmington DE 19804; Tel: 001-302-3943358 Email: order@davidpublishing.com