Affiliation(s)
1. Department of Process Engineering, National School of Agro-industrial Sciences, P.O. Box 455, Ngaoundere, Cameroon
2. Department of Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering, University of Padova, Via Francesco Marzolo, 9,35151 Padova, Italy
3. Department of Textile and Leather Engineering, National Advanced School of Engineering of Maroua, P.O. Box 58, Maroua, Cameroon
4. Department of Energy Engineering, University Institute of Technology, University of Ngaoundere, P.O. Box 455, Ngaoundere, Cameroon
ABSTRACT
Energy is a crucial material for the development
of our economy. Access to sufficient energy remains a major concern for
developing countries, particularly those in sub-Saharan Africa. The major
challenge lies in access to clean, environmentally friendly, quality and
low-cost energy in different households in our municipalities. To cope with
this vast energy gap, many households are dependent on fossil fuels. In
Cameroon, the consumption of wood for the supply of energy is increasing by 4%
per year. Overall, approximately 80% of households in Cameroon depend on woody
biomass as the sole main source of energy supply in Cameroon and demand is
growing over time. In view of the climatic variations that our countries,
particularly Cameroon, undergo through deforestation, the use of wood as a
source of energy is expensive and harmful to the environment, hence the urgency
of replacing wood with renewable energy. Biogas is one of the most versatile
sources of renewable energy. On an industrial scale, it is important to
automate the process control. The main objective of the present work is to
model the anaerobic digestion of coffee and cocoa hulls using the particle
swarm optimisation method. Pretreatment using the organosolv process was done.
This resulted in 48% lignin removal and 22% cellulose increase. For the
pretreated biomass, the maximum production rate was 21 NmLCH4 per
day with a biomethane yield of 90 NmLCH4/gVS. This represents an
enhancement of 117% in biomethane yield. A positive flammability test was
recorded after the 10th day of retention time. Moreover, the data collected
during anaerobic digestion allowed implementation of a two-phase mathematical
model. The thirteen parameters of the model were estimated with particle swarm
optimisation method in Matlab. The model was able to simulate the biomethane
production kinetics and variation of volatile fatty acid concentration.
KEYWORDS
Lignocellulosic biomass, organosolv
process, anaerobic
digestion, mathematical
model, particle swarm optimisation.
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