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Article
Affiliation(s)

Osaka University of Health and Sport Sciences, Osaka, Japan; Phoenix Swim Club, Paradise Valley, USA;
Grand Canyon University, Phoenix, USA
TexasA & M University Corpus Christi, Corpus Christi, USA
Osaka University of Health and Sport Sciences, Osaka, Japan
Phoenix Swim Club, Paradise Valley, USA
Grand CanyonUniversity, Phoenix, USA
Grand Canyon University, Phoenix, USA; Washington, D.C. Trident, Baar, Switzerland
Grand Canyon University, Phoenix, USA; Valparaiso University, Valparaiso, USA

ABSTRACT

This paper evaluates the efficiency of using a downward breaststroke kick in a sample of eight elite swimmers. Using a downward breaststroke kick increases the one stroke velocity and max speed but also increases production of lactate acid. Utilizing the downward breaststroke kick we find the 100-meter and 100-yard breaststroke times decrease from 1:05.10s to 1:01.97s and find the downward breaststroke kick increases muscle activity of the quadriceps, biceps, and calves. The increases in performance were observed from measuring the world class swimmers are highly correlated to duration of the kick aerodynamic buoyant force in breaststroke.

KEYWORDS

swimming, breaststroke, electromyography, downward kick, Olympians, psychology

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