 |
[email protected] |
 |
3275638434 |
 |
 |
| Paper Publishing WeChat |
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License
Tsachi Ein-Dor, Adi Perry-Paldi
Full-Text PDF
XML 554 Views
DOI:10.17265/2159-5542/2014.08.001
Interdisciplinary Center Herzliya, Israel
Objective: Research on human reaction to threats has been limited and focused either on the effects of situational features or on the effects of personality dispositions. In the present research, we examined the processes by which personality (specifically attachment orientations) qualifies the effects of situational features on reactions to threat scenarios. Method: In Study 1, 307 Israeli participants completed a self-report measure of attachment orientations (anxiety and avoidance), and reported on the first action that they are likely to take on various threat scenarios. In Study 2, 295 non-Israeli participants completed self-report measures of attachment orientations (anxiety and avoidance), fear of negative evaluation, and body sensations (the latter two served as covariates), and reported on their reactions to threat scenarios as in Study 1. Results: Results indicated that attachment anxiety qualified the effects of situational features to increase the likelihood of sentinel (e.g., yelling) and fear-related behaviors (e.g., running away). Avoidance qualified the effects of situational features to increase the likelihood of rapid-responder (e.g., attacking), fear-related, and anxiety-related (e.g., risk assessment) reactions. Conclusions: Results are discussed in relation to the complex interplay between personality and situational features on humans’ behaviors when dealing with threats and danger.
attachment, social defense theory, anxiety, avoidance, situational features, threat, danger
Tsachi Ein-Dor, and Adi Perry-Paldi. (2014). Human Reaction to Threat: Examining the Interplay Between Personality Dispositions and Situational Features. Psychology Research, 4(8), 599-622.
Aiken, L. S., & West, S. G. (1991). Multiple regression: Testing and interpreting interactions. Newbury Park, London, Sage.
Alexander, R., Feeney, J., Hohaus, L., & Noller, P. (2001). Attachment style and coping resources as predictors of coping strategies in the transition to parenthood. Personal Relationships, 8, 137-152.
Bar-Tal, D., Halperin, E., & Oren, N. (2010). Socio-psychological barriers to peace making: The case of the israeli jewish society. Social Issues and Policy Review, 4, 63-109.
Barber, M. E., Foley, L. A., & Jones, R. (1999). Evaluations of aggressive women: The effects of gender, socioeconomic status, and level of aggression. Violence and Victims, 14, 353-363.
Bernat, J. A., Calhoun, K. S., & Adams, H. E. (1999). Sexually aggressive and non-aggressive men: Sexual arousal and judgements in response to acquaintance rape and consensual analogues. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 108, 662-673.
Blanchard, D. C. (1997). Stimulus and environmental control of defensive behaviors. In M. Bouton, & M. Fanselow (Eds.), The functional behaviorism of Robert C. Bolles: Learning, motivation and cognition (pp. 283-305). Washington, D.C.: American Psychological Association.
Blanchard, D. C., Hynd, A. L., Minke, K. A., Minemoto, T., & Blanchard, R. J. (2001). Human defensive behaviours to threat scenarios show parallels to fear and anxiety-related defence patterns of non-human mammals. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 25, 761-770.
Blanchard, R. J., Blanchard, D. C., & Hori, K. (1989). Ethoexperimental approaches to the study of defensive behaviour. In R. J. Blanchard, P. F. Brain, D. C. Blanchard, & S. Parmigiani (Eds.), Ethoexperimental approaches to the study of behaviour (pp. 114-136). Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
Bowlby, J. (1973). Attachment and loss: Vol. 2. Separation: Anxiety and anger. New York: Basic Books.
Bowlby, J. (1980). Attachment and loss: Vol. 3. Sadness and depression. New York: Basic Books.
Bowlby, J. (1982). Attachment and loss: Vol. 1. Attachment (2nd ed.). New York: Basic Books.
Bowlby, J. (1988). A secure base: Clinical applications of attachment theory. London: Routledge.
Brennan, K. A., Clark, C. A., & Shaver, P. R. (1998). Self-report measurement of adult attachment: An integrative overview. In J. A. Simpson, & W. S. Rholes (Eds.), Attachment theory and close relationships (pp. 46-76). New York: Guilford.
Campbell, C. (1986). Images of war: A problem in San rock art research. World Archaeology, 18, 255-268. doi: 10.1080/00438243.1986.9980002
Casey, L. M., Oei, T. P. S., Newcombe, P. A., & Kenardy, J. (2004). The role of catastrophic misinterpretation of bodily sensations and panic self-efficacy in predicting panic severity. Anxiety Disorders, 18, 325-340.
Cassidy, J., & Kobak, R. R. (1988). Avoidance and its relationship with other defensive processes. In J. Belsky, & T. Nezworski (Eds.), Clinical implications of attachment (pp. 300-323). Hillsdale, N.J.: Erlbaum.
Chambless, D. L., Caputo, C. G., Bright, P., & Gallagher, R. (1984). Assessment of fear of fear in agoraphobics: The body sensations questionnaire and the agoraphobic cognitions questionnaire. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 52, 1090-1097.
Collins, N. L., & Read, S. J. (1990). Adult attachment, working models, and relationship quality in dating couples. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 58, 644-663.
Conklin, C. A., Tiffany, S. T., & Vrana, S. R. (2000). The impact of imagining completed versus interrupted smoking on cigarette craving. Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology, 8, 68-74.
Ein-Dor, T. (in press). Social defense theory: How a mixture of personality traits in group contexts may promote our survival. In M. Mikulincer, & P. R. Shaver (Eds.), Nature and development of social connections: From brain to group. Washington, D.C.: American Psychological Association.
Ein-Dor, T., Mikulincer, M., Doron, G., & Shaver, P. R. (2010). The attachment paradox: How can so many of us (the insecure ones) have no adaptive advantages? Perspectives on Psychological Science, 5, 123-141.
Ein-Dor, T., Mikulincer, M., & Shaver, P. R. (2011a). Attachment insecurities and the processing of threat-related information: Studying the schemas involved in insecure people’s coping strategies. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 101, 78-93. doi: 10.1037/a0022503
Ein-Dor, T., Mikulincer, M., & Shaver, P. R. (2011b). Effective reaction to danger: Attachment insecurities predict behavioral reactions to an experimentally induced threat above and beyond general personality traits. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 2, 467-473.
Ein-Dor, T., & Orgad, T. (2012). Scared saviors: Evidence that people high in attachment anxiety are more effective in alerting others to threat. European Journal of Social Psychology, 42, 667-671.
Ein-Dor, T., & Perry, A. (2012). Diversity is bliss: How a mixture of personality traits in group contexts may promote our survival. In B. O. Hunter, & T. J. Romero (Eds.), Psychology of threat (pp. 55-74). Hauppauge, N.Y.: Nova Science Publishers, Inc..
Ein-Dor, T., & Perry, A. (2014). Full house of fears: Evidence that people high in attachment anxiety are more accurate in detecting deceit. Journal of Personality, 82, 83-92.
Erber, J. T., Szuchman, L. T., & Prager, I. G. (2001). Ain’t misbehaving: The effect of age and intentionality on judgements about misconduct. Psychology and Aging, 16, 85-95.
Feeney, B. C., & Collins, N. L. (2001). Predictors of caregiving in adult intimate relationships: An attachment theoretical perspective. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 80, 972-994.
Feeney, J. A., & Noller, P. (1990). Attachment style as a predictor of adult romantic relationships. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 58, 281-291.
Fraley, R. C., & Shaver, P. R. (1997). Adult attachment and the suppression of unwanted thoughts. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73, 1080-1091.
Fraley, R. C., & Shaver, P. R. (2000). Adult romantic attachment: Theoretical developments, emerging controversies, and unanswered questions. Review of General Psychology, 4, 132-154.
Godfray, H. C. J., & Johnstone, R. A. (2000). Begging and bleating: The evolution of parent—offspring signalling. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B, 355, 1581-1591.
Gray, J. A., & McNaughton, N. (2000). The neuropsychology of anxiety. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Hamilton, W. D. (1964). The genetical evolution of social behaviour: I and II. Journal of Theoretical Biology, 7, 1-52.
Hazan, C., & Zeifman, D. (1999). Pair-bonds as attachments: Evaluating the evidence. In J. Cassidy, & P. R. Shaver (Eds.), Handbook of attachment: Theory, research, and clinical applications (pp. 336-354). New York: Guilford.
Leary, M. R. (1983). A brief version of the fear of negative evaluation scale. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 9, 371-375.
Mawson, A. R. (2005). Understanding mass panic and other collective responses to threat and disaster. Psychiatry: Interpersonal & Biological Processes, 68, 95-113.
McNaughton, N., & Corr, P. J. (2004). A two-dimensional neuropsychology of defense: Fear/anxiety and defensive distance. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 28, 285-305.
Mesquita, B., & Frijda, N. H. (1992). Cultural variations in emotions: A review. Psychological Bulletin, 112, 179-204.
Mikulincer, M., Birnbaum, G., Woddis, D., & Nachmias, O. (2000). Stress and accessibility of proximity-related thoughts: Exploring the normative and intraindividual components of attachment theory. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 78, 509-523.
Mikulincer, M., Gillath, O., & Shaver, P. R. (2002). Activation of the attachment system in adulthood: Threat-related primes increase the accessibility of mental representations of attachment figures. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 83, 881-895.
Mikulincer, M., Hirschberger, G., Nachmias, O., & Gillath, O. (2001). The affective component of the secure base schema: Affective priming with representations of attachment security. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81, 305-321.
Mikulincer, M., & Shaver, P. R. (2007). Attachment in adulthood: Structure, dynamics, and change. New York: Guilford Press.
Mikulincer, M., Shaver, P. R., & Pereg, D. (2003). Attachment theory and affect regulation: The dynamics, development, and cognitive consequences of attachment-related strategies. Motivation and Emotion, 27, 77-102.
Perkins, A. M., & Corr, P. R. (2006). Reactions to threat and personality: Psychometric differentiation of intensity and direction dimensions of human defensive behaviour. Behavioural Brain Research, 169, 21-28.
Raudenbush, S. W., Bryk, A. S., & Congdon, R. (2004). HLM 6 for Windows (Computer software). Skokie, I.L.: Scientific Software International, Inc..
Rom, E., & Mikulincer, M. (2003). Attachment theory and group processes: The association between attachment style and group-related representations, goals, memories, and functioning. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84, 1220-1235.
Schlenker, B. R. (1980). Impression management: The self-concept, social identity, and interpersonal relations. Monterey, C.A.: Brooks/Cole.
Shaver, P. R., & Mikulincer, M. (2002). Attachment-related psychodynamics. Attachment and Human Development, 4, 133-161.
Spielberger, C. D., Gorsuch, R. L., & Lushene, R. E. (1970). Manual for the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. Palo Alto, C.A.: Consulting Psychologists Press.
Van Lange, P. A. M., Otten, W., De Bruin, E. M. N., & Joireman, J. A. (1997). Development of prosocial, individualistic, and competitive orientations: Theory and preliminary evidence. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73, 733-746.