![]() |
customer@davidpublishing.com |
![]() |
3275638434 |
![]() |
![]() |
| Paper Publishing WeChat |
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License
Patsy Marie Wilson
Full-Text PDF
XML 89 Views
DOI:10.17265/2328-2185/2026.04.001
University of The Bahamas, Nassau, The Bahamas
Succession planning continues to be a sustainability factor within law enforcement agencies regarding leadership continuity. Due to the hierarchical structure within the police force agencies, it is vital for leadership stability and more importantly continuance. As a result, law enforcement institutions must develop policing leadership to ensure long-term viability. Succession planning is crucial to overcoming these challenges. This exploratory single-case study examined police officer’s perception of succession planning strategies, including competency models and myriad changes within the Royal Bahamas Police Force. This study was designed using qualitative methodology and a single case study design. Purposive sampling was used to select police officers from this population unit. As a result of the data analysis, the following five themes emerged: (1) caring leadership and officer well-being; (2) need to achieve; (3) organizational structure/functions; (4) political influence; (5) training and education. Based on the observations and data analysis, relevant recommendations were made to address critical issues and improve outcomes, leading to positive changes.
succession planning, competency model, police officers, succession planning strategies, Royal Bahamas Police Force (RBPF)
Patsy Marie Wilson. (2026). Bridging the Leadership Gap Through Succession Planning Strategies: A Case Study of the Royal Bahamas Police Force. Management Studies, Vol. 14, No. 4, 167-195. doi: 10.17265/2328-2185/2026.04.001.
Adams, I. T., Mourtgos, S. M., & Nix, J. (2023). Turnover in large US policing agencies following the George Floyd protests. Journal of Criminal Justice, 88, 102105.
AlKaabi, F. A. M., & Davies, A. (2022). Future-proofing organizational knowledge management and human resourcing: Identifying early retirement predictors in a modern police force. Policing: A Journal of Policy and Practice, 16(4), 676-695.
Arksey, H., & Knight, P. (1999). Interviewing for social scientists. London: SAGE.
Bass, B. M. (1995). Comment: Transformational leadership: Looking at other possible antecedents and consequences. Journal of Management Inquiry, 4(3), 293-297.
Beasley, S. F., & Ard, N. (2021). The future of nursing: Succession planning. Teaching and Learning in Nursing, 16(2), 105-109.
Belina, A. (2023). Semi-structured interviewing as a tool for understanding informal civil society. Voluntary Sector Review, 14(2), 331-347
Belrhiti, Z., Van Damme, W., Belalia, A., & Marchal, B. (2020). The effect of leadership on public service motivation: A multiple embedded case study in Morocco. BMJ Open, 10(1), e033010.
Berns, K. V., & Klarner, P. (2017). A review of the CEO succession literature and a future research program. The Academy of Management Perspectives, 31(2), 83-108. doi:10.5465/amp.2015.0183
Boehme, H. M., McCrain, J., Mourtgos, S. M., & Tregle, B. (2026). Police staffing shortages, public awareness, and policy preferences. Journal of Criminal Justice, 103, 102599.
Bowleg, L. (2025, July 30). Munroe says about ten to 15 percent of officers on extended sick leave. The Tribune.
Branden, P. S., & Sharts-Hopko, N. C. (2017). Growing clinical and academic nursing leaders: Building the Nursing Administration. 10.1097/NAQ.0000000000000239
Brinkmann, S. (2014). 14 Unstructured and semi-structured interviewing. In The Oxford handbook of qualitative research (pp. 277-299). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Brown, B., & Li, Y. (2023). Police executive leadership: An empirical and theoretical exploration of police chief performance. International Journal of Police Science & Management, 25(1), 53-66. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1177/14613557221132488
Butler, K., & Roche-Tarry, D. E. (2002). Succession planning: Putting an organization’s knowledge to work. Nature Biotechnology, 20(2), 201-202.
Cameron, T. M., & Griffiths, A. (2017). The impact of involuntary retirement on senior police officers. Policing: A Journal of Policy and Practice, 11(1), 52-61.
Campion, M. A., Fink, A. A., Ruggeberg, B. J., Carr, L., Phillips, G. M., & Odman, R. B. (2011). Doing competencies well: Best practices in competency modeling. Personnel Psychology, 64(1), 225-262.
Chang, X., & Xue, J. (2020). Research on the evaluation and promotion of employees from the perspective of competency. Open Journal of Social Sciences, 8(2), 99.
Choy, L. T. (2014). The strengths and weaknesses of research methodology: Comparison between qualitative and quantitative approaches. IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science, 19(4), 99-104.
Chyung, S. Y., Roberts, K., Swanson, I., & Hankinson, A. (2017). Evidence-based survey design: The use of a midpoint on the Likert scale. Performance Improvement, 56(10), 15-23.
Clark, K. R., & Veale, B. L. (2018). Strategies to enhance data collection and analysis in qualitative research. Radiologic Technology, 89(5), 482-485.
Cook, D. A., Kuper, A., Hatala, R., & Ginsburg, S. (2016). When assessment data are words: Validity evidence for qualitative educational assessments. Academic Medicine, 91(10), 1359-1369.
Copeland, M. K. (2016). The impact of authentic, ethical, transformational leadership on leader effectiveness. Journal of Leadership, Accountability and Ethics, 13(3), 79.
Crank, J. P. (2003). Institutional theory of police: A review of the state of the art. Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies & Management, 26(2), 186-207.
Darnell, J. S., & Campbell, R. T. (2015). Succession planning in local health departments: Results from a national survey. Journal of Public Health Management and Practice, 21(2), 141-150. doi:10.1097/PHH.000000000000012
De Wolf, R. (2016). Group privacy management strategies and challenges in Facebook: A focus group study among Flemish youth organizations. Cyberpsychology: Journal of Psychosocial Research on Cyberspace, 10(1), Article 5.
Drew, J. M., Bartels, S., & Herrington, V. (2023). Leadership for wellness: A strategy for developing police and public safety leaders. Leadership development white paper. A collaboration between Griffith Criminology Institute. AIPM, Sydney.
Duret, D., & Li, W. (2023). It’s not just a police problem, Americans are opting out of government jobs. The Marshall Project.
Durst, S., & Bruns, G. (2016). Sustaining the future of the public sector: Insights into a Swedish municipality’s dealing with knowledge management and succession planning. Journal of Information & Knowledge Management, 15(2), 1-19. doi:10.1142/S021964921650012X
Eckerdal, J. R., & Hagström, C. (2017). Qualitative questionnaires as a method for information studies. Journal of Documentation, 73(6), 1268-1281.
Etikan, I., Musa, S. A., & Alkassim, R. S. (2016). Comparison of convenience sampling and purposive sampling. American Journal of Theoretical and Applied Statistics, 5(1), 1-4. doi:10.11648/j.ajtas.20160501.11
Fenner, D. E. (2005). Linking succession planning to employee training: A study of federal employees (Order No. 3169424). ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global (305350595). Retrieved from https://lopes.idm.oclc.org/login?url=https://search-proquest-com.lopes.idm.oclc.org/docview/305350595?accountid=7374
Fernet, C., Morin, A. J., Mueller, M. B., Gillet, N., & Austin, S. (2023). Psychological need satisfaction across work and personal life: An empirical test of a comprehensive typology. Frontiers in Psychology, 14, 1216450.
Friedman, B. (2021). Disaggregating the police function. University of Pennsylvania Law Review, 169(4), 925-998.
Gilbert, S., Horsman, P., & Kelloway, E. K. (2016). The motivation for transformational leadership scale: An examination of the factor structure and initial tests. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 37(2), 158-180.
Godspower, D. A. (2025). Merit-based recruitment and employee effectiveness: A bivariate study of selected southern Nigerian public enterprises. Future Business Journal, 11(1), 1-13.
Groves, K. S. (2007). Integrating leadership development and succession planning best practices. Journal of Management Development, 26(3), 239-260. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1108/02621710710732146
Groves, K. S. (2019). Examining the impact of succession management practices on organizational performance: A national study of US hospitals. Health Care Management Review, 44(4), 356-365.
Guinn, S. L. (2000). Succession planning without job titles. Career Development International, 5(7), 390-393. doi:10.1108/13620430010379948
Harrison, H., Birks, M., Franklin, R., & Mills, J. (2017). Case study research: Foundations and methodological orientations. Forum: Qualitative Social Research, 21(1), 1-17.
Hasan, M., Al Mamun, M., Das, M. C., Hasan, M. M., & Islam, A. M. (2023). The application and comparison of Deep Learning models for the prediction of chest cancer prognosis. In 2023 International Conference on Smart Applications, Communications and Networking (SmartNets) (pp. 1-5). IEEE.
Hassan, S., Wright, B. E., & Yukl, G. (2014). Does ethical leadership matter in government? Effects on organizational commitment, absenteeism, and willingness to report ethical problems. Public Administration Review, 74(3), 333-343.
Heale, R., & Twycross, A. (2018). What is a case study? Evidence-Based Nursing, 21(1), 7-8.
Hewson, C. (2018). Focus groups in qualitative research: Analyzing group interaction. SAGE Research Methods Cases. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.4135/9781526430212
Hong, Q. N. (2023). Conducting semi-structured interviews in qualitative research. Qualitative Research in Organizations and Management, 18(2), 210-225.
Hur, Y. (2013). Turnover, voluntary turnover, and organizational performance: Evidence from municipal police departments. Public Administration Quarterly, 37(1), 3-35.
Husain, S., & Omer, S. B. (2016). Routine immunization services in Pakistan: Seeing beyond the numbers/Les services de vaccination systématique au Pakistan: Voir au-delà des chiffres. Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal, 22(3), 201.
Ibrahim, N. S., & Rahman, R. A. (2017). Sustainable human resource management practices in the Malaysian Public Sector: An exploratory study. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 7(4), 1124-1137. doi:10.6007/IJARBSS/v7-i4/2920
Ip, B., & Jacobs, G. (2006). Business succession planning: A review of the evidence. Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, 13(3), 326-350.
Ivuoma, D., Chukwuemeka, E., & Nwadiogbu, N. (2025). Government interference in public business in Nigeria: Problems and prospects. Journal of Policy and Development Studies, 19(1), 104-122.
Jin, F., & Rizzotti, L. (2023). The causal effect of partisanship and leadership on police lethal force: Evidence from sheriff elections in the United States. SSRN Electronic Journal. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4493076
Johnson, J. S. (2015). Qualitative sales research: An exposition of grounded theory. Journal of Personal Selling & Sales Management, 35(3), 262-273. doi:10.1080/08853134.2014.954581
Jun, J., & Bridges, S. M. (2016). Qualitative research in educational contexts. Educational Research Review, 18, 1-9.
Khan, R., Ahmed, S., & Ali, M. (2024). Achievement motivation and employee performance in public sector organizations. International Journal of Organizational Leadership, 13(1), 45-61.
Khuzaiyah, S., Abdul-Mumin, K. H., McKenna, L., & Haji Hashim, S. (2023). The importance of reflexivity in data collection methods for qualitative midwifery research. British Journal of Midwifery, 31(12), 701-705. Retrieved from https://doi-org.cob.idm.oclc.org/10.12968/bjom.2023.31.12.701
Kim, S. (2003). Linking employee assessments to succession planning. Public Personnel Management, 32(4), 533-547.
Kim, S. (2010). Public trust in government in Japan and South Korea: Does the rise of critical citizens matter? Public Administration Review, 70(5), 801-810. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6210.2010.02218.x
Kim, S., Egan, T. M., & Moon, M. J. (2014). Managerial coaching efficacy, work-related attitudes, and performance in public organizations: A comparative international study. Review of Public Personnel Administration, 34(3), 237-262.
Kitzinger, J. (1995). Qualitative research: Introducing focus groups. BMJ, 311(7000), 299-302.
Lartey, F. M. (2020). Chaos, complexity, and contingency theories: A comparative analysis and application to the 21st century organization. Journal of Business Administration Research, 9(1), 44-51.
Leedy, P., & Ormrod, J. E. (2005). Practical research: Planning and design (8th ed.). Harlow: Pearson.
Lewis, C. (2022). What really impacts morale in policing? Police1.
Magasi, C. (2016). Factors influencing business succession planning among SMEs in Tanzania. European Journal of Business and Management, 8(3), 126-135.
Manning, V., Jones, A., Jones, P., & Fernandez, R. S. (2015). Planning for a smooth transition: evaluation of a succession planning program for prospective nurse unit managers. Nursing Administration Quarterly, 39(1), 58-68. doi:10.1097/NAQ.0000000000000072
Maroga, R. S., Schultz, C. M., & Smit, P. K. (2024). Succession planning mediates self-leadership and turnover intention in a state-owned enterprise. SA Journal of Human Resource Management, 22, 2304.
McClelland, D. C. (1973). Testing for competence rather than for intelligence. American Psychologist, 28(1), 1-14.
McCreary, D. R., & Thompson, M. M. (2006). Development of two reliable and valid measures of stressors in policing: The operational and organizational police stress questionnaires. International Journal of Stress Management, 13(4), 494-518.
Mello, S. (2019). More COPS, less crime. Journal of Public Economics, 172, 174-200. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpubeco.2018.12.003
Merriam, S. (2009). Qualitative research: A guide to design and implementation (Revised and expanded from “Qualitative research and case study applications in education”). Hoboken, NJ: Jossey-Bass (Wiley).
Merriam, S. B., & Tisdell, E. J. (2016). Qualitative research: A guide to design and implementation (4th ed.). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
Mhlongo, S. B., & Harunavamwe, M. (2017). Exploring management’s perceptions of succession planning and its impact on staff retention at an agricultural company. International Journal, 7. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org /10.22259/ijrbsm.0403002
Mintzberg, H. (1979). The structuring of organizations. In Readings in strategic management (pp. 322-352). London: Macmillan Education UK.
Morse, J. M., & Coulehan, J. (2015). Maintaining confidentiality in qualitative publications. Qualitative Health Research, 25(2), 151. Retrieved from https://doi-org.lopes.idm.oclc.org /10.1177/1049732314563489
Munnings, J. (2025). Police launch online recruitment portal amid shortage. The Tribune.
Murphy, S. A. (2006). Executive development and succession planning: Qualitative evidence. International Journal of Police Science & Management, 8(4), 253-265.
Nemoto, T., & Beglar, D. (2014). Likert-scale questionnaires. In JALT 2013 Conference Proceedings (pp. 1-8). Mon, 2013-07-15.
Nowell, L. S., Norris, J. M., White, D. E., & Moules, N. J. (2017). Thematic analysis: Striving to meet the trustworthiness criteria. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 16(1), 1-13. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1177/1609406917733847
Odengo, R. A., & Bett, M. S. (2016). Influence of succession planning practices on performance of Kenya power limited company. International Journal of Business Strategies, 1(1), 127-143.
O’Neill, T. A. (2017). An overview of interrater agreement on Likert scales for researchers and practitioners. Frontiers in Psychology, 8, 777.
Onyango, M. (2024). Succession planning and employee performance in the State Department for Public Service, Nairobi City County. KU Repository. Retrieved from https://ir-library.ku.ac.ke/server/api/core/bitstreams/b381917a-7d7b-4d15-a7c3-2994e3377e1c/content
Papaioannou, K. G., & Serdaris, P. K. (2023). The lack of succession HR planning in law enforcement agencies. International Journal of Police Science & Management, 25(4), 473-483.
Patton, M. Q. (2002). Qualitative research and evaluation methods (3rd ed.). London: SAGE.
Pearson-Goff, M., & Herrington, V. (2014). Police leadership: A systematic review of the literature. Policing: A journal of Policy and Practice, 8(1), 14-26. doi:10.1093/police/pat027
Pila, M. M., Schultz, C., & Dachapalli, L. A. P. (2016). Factors related to succession planning in a government department in Gauteng. Problems and Perspectives in Management (4 cont.). Retrieved from http://businessperspectives.org/journals
Rabiee, F. (2004). Focus-group interview and data analysis. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society, 63(4), 655-660.
Ramseur, P., Fuchs, M. A., Edwards, P., & Humphreys, J. (2018). The implementation of a structured nursing leadership development program for succession planning in a health system. JONA: The Journal of Nursing Administration, 48(1), 25-30.
Ritchie, M. (2019). Succession planning for successful leadership: Why we need to talk about succession planning! Management in Education, 34(1), 33-37. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1177/0892020619881044
Rojek, J., Shjarback, J. A., Hansen, J. A., & Alpert, G. P. (2022). Present but not prevalent: Identifying the organizational correlates of researcher-practitioner partnerships in US law enforcement. In Translational criminology in policing (pp. 89-104). London: Routledge.
Rothwell, W. J. (2010). Effective succession planning: Ensuring leadership continuity and building talent from within (4th ed.). New York: AMACOM.
Rothwell, W. J. (2016). Effective succession planning: Ensuring leadership continuity and building talent from within (5th ed.). New York: AMACOM.
Ruiz, J., & Morrow, E. (2005). Retiring the old centurion: Life after a career in policing—An exploratory study. International Journal of Public Administration, 28(13-14), 1151-1186.
Santora, J. C., Sarros, J. C., Bozer, G., Esposito, M., & Bassi,
A. (2015). Nonprofit executive succession planning and organizational sustainability:
A preliminary comparative study in Australia, Brazil, Israel, Italy, Russia, and
the United States. Journal of Applied Management and Entrepreneurship, 20(4),
66-83. doi:http://dx.doi.org.lopes.idm.oclc.org/10.9774/GLEAF.3709.
2015.oc.00006
Schafer, J. A. (2009). Developing effective leadership in policing: Perils, pitfalls, and paths forward. Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies & Management, 32(2), 238-260. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1108/13639510910958156
Schafer, J. A. (2010). Effective leaders and leadership in policing: Traits, assessment, development, and expansion. Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies & Management, 33(4), 644-663.
Schafer, J. A. (2019). Effective police leadership: Experiences and perspectives of law enforcement leaders. Policing: An International Journal, 42(2), 1-15. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1108/PIJPSM-05-2018-0060
Sharafizad, F., Hernandez Grande, A., & Farr-Wharton, B. (2024). Police leaders’ perspectives on their ability to support employee wellbeing in Australia: Lack of time, training or support? Policing: An International Journal, 48(4), 813-830. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1108/PIJPSM-04-2024-0053
Shirey, M. R. (2008). Building the leadership development pipeline: A 5-step succession planning model. Clinical Nurse Specialist, 22(5), 214-217.
Skipper, C. O., & Bell, L. C. (2008). Leadership development and succession planning. Leadership and Management in Engineering, 8(2), 77-84.
Sørensen, P. (2023). The effects of continuing public sector management education: A systematic literature review. International Journal of Public Sector Management, 36(4-5), 300-314.
Subedi, K. R. (2022). Examining the psychological sense of school membership among the basic school students. Online Submission, 4(2), 224-237.
Tabatabaee, S. A. N., Lakeh, A. A., & Tadi, A. A. (2014). A study of succession planning challenges in governmental organizations. Kuwait Chapter of the Arabian Journal of Business and Management Review, 3(11A), 231.
Taylor, S. J., Bogdan, R., & DeVault, M. (2015). Introduction to qualitative research methods: A guidebook and resource. John Wiley & Sons.
Titzer, J. L., Shirey, M. R., & Hauck, S. (2014). A nurse manager succession planning model with associated empirical outcomes. JONA: The Journal of Nursing Administration, 44(1), 37-46.
Todak, N., Huff, J., & Lavender, L. (2025). Work-life balance & career advancement for women in policing: A mixed methods study. Feminist Criminology, 15570851251367723.
Tribune Staff Reporter. (2025). COP: We need additional 2,000 officers to address manpower shortfall. The Tribune.
Wajidi, F. A., Saeed, M., Baig, M. D., Rehan, E. W., & Hussain, D. (2023). Impact of leadership on effective succession planning: Comparison of public and private organizations. International Journal of Social Science & Entrepreneurship, 3(1), 161-170.
Weber, M. (1947). The theory of social and economic. Organization, 19(20), 303.
Wilson, J. M., & Grammich, C. A. (2009). Police recruitment and retention for the new millennium: The state of the art. Chicago: RAND Corporation.
Wilson, J. M., Dalton, E., Scheer, C., & Grammich, C. A. (2010). Police recruitment and retention for the new millennium: The state of knowledge (1st ed.). RAND Corporation. https://doi.org/10.7249/MG959DOJ
Wilson, J. M., & Weiss, A. (2012). A performance-based approach to police staffing and allocation. US Department of Justice Office of Community Oriented Policing Services.
Wilson, J. M., Grammich, C. A., Cherry, T., & Gibson, A. (2023). Police retention: A systematic review of the research. Policing: a journal of policy and practice, 17, paac117. https://doi.org/10.1093/police/paac117
Wilson, P. M. (2022). Succession Planning Strategies at the Bahamas’ Ministry of Education: A Case Study. Open Journal of Business and Management, 10(6), 3142-3184.
Withrow, J. D. (2003). Succession planning: Reflecting on university police departments in Florida. Campus Law Enforcement Journal, 33(1), 12-16.
Yin, R. K. (2014). Case study research: Design and methods (5th ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications.
Yin, R. K. (2018). Case study research and applications (Vol. 6). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE.




