 |
[email protected] |
 |
3275638434 |
 |
 |
| Paper Publishing WeChat |
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License
Tarlok Singh Sahota
Full-Text PDF
XML 805 Views
DOI:10.17265/2161-6264/2023.02.001
Lakehead University Agricultural Research Station (LUARS), Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada
Spring canola (Brasica napus L.) would become an important oilseed crop adapted to the Northwestern Ontario cropping systems. Newly released high yielding varieties have a potential for higher seed yield as long as nitrogen (N) does not become a limiting factor. Urea, the main N fertilizer source, does not have the ability to sustain N requirements throughout the growing season, and Environmentally Smart Nitrogen (ESN), a polymer-coated urea, alone might release N too slowly during the colder spring. Both of these two N sources could be a more environmentally sustainable mixture to provide the higher rates of N needed for the highest yielding canola varieties. A plant growth regulator (PGR) applied at the four to six leaf stages could help reduce the excessive vegetative growth at higher rates of N. Field studies in a randomized complete block design conducted over three years (2016-2017-2018) at the Lakehead University Agricultural Research Station in Thunder Bay, Northwestern Ontario, were used to evaluate the impacts of urea and urea + ESN at different rates, with or without the addition of a PGR (chlormequat chloride) on the seed yield, biomass yield, harvest index seed nutrient utilization efficiency, plant height, lodging, days to flower and maturity of Canola. Canola seed yield was highly responsive to increased N fertilizer rates in the three years for both sources of N. The highest canola seed yield response was determined at N rate 240 kg/ha from urea producing ~9,600 kg/ha seed and at N rate 180 kg/ha urea + ESN producing ~9,000 kg/ha seed. Averaged over three years, urea + ESN @ 180 kg N/ha produced 600 kg/ha more canola seed yield than urea @ 180 kg N/ha. The PGR had no effect on canola height and reduced biomass production in two of the three years. Focusing on the costs of N fertilizers, using urea or a mixture of urea + ESN over a PGR is preferable to achieve the economic benefit.
Canola, nitrogen management, PGR, urea, ESN, Northwestern Ontario.
Sahota, T. S. 2023. "Influence of Nitrogen Sources or Plant Growth Regulator on Improving Spring Canola Yield in Northwestern Ontario." Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology B 13 (2023): 27-40.
[1] Blackshaw, R. E., Hao, X., Brandt, R. N., Clayton, G. W., Harker, K. N., O’Donovan, J. T., Johnson, E. N., Vera, C. L. 2011. “Canola Response to ESN and Urea in a Four-Year No-Till Cropping System.” Agron. J. 103 (1): 92-9.
[2] Ma, B. L., and Zheng, Z. M. 2016. “Relationship between Plant Nitrogen and Phosphorus Accumulations in a Canola Crop as Affected by Nitrogen Management under Ample Phosphorus Supply Conditions.” Can. J. Plant Sci. 96 (5): 853-66.
[3] Canola Council of Canada. 2020. “Canadian Canola Production Statistics.” Markets & Statitics. Accessed December 8, 2020. https://www.canolacouncil.org/markets-stats/production/.
[4] Grant, C. A., and Bailey, L. D. 1993. “Fertility Management in Canola Production.” Can. J. Plant Sci. 73 (3): 651-70.
[5] Jackson, G. D. 2000. “Effects of Nitrogen and Sulfur on Canola Yield and Nutrient Uptake.” Agron. J. 92 (4): 644-9.
[6] Malhi, S. S., Grant, C. A., Johnston, A. M., and Gill, K. S. 2001. “Nitrogen Fertilization Management for No-Till Cereal Production in the Canadian Great Plains: A Review.” Soil and Tillage Research 60 (3-4): 101-22.
[7] Ma, B. L., Wu, T. Y., Tremblay, N., Deen, W., Morrison, M. J., McLaughlin, N. B., Gregorich, E. G., and Stewart, G. 2010. “Nitrous Oxide Fluxes from Corn Fields: On-Farm Assessment of the Amount and Timing of Nitrogen Fertilizer.” Glob. Chang. Biol. 16 (1): 156-70.
[8] Ma, B. L., Wu, T. Y., Tremblay, N., Deen, W., McLaughlin, N. B., Morrison, M. J., and Stewart, G. 2010. “On-Farm Assessment of the Amount and Timing of Nitrogen Fertilizer on Ammonia Volatilization.” Agron. J. 102: 134-44.
[9] Rathke, G. W., Christen, O., and Diepenbrock, W. 2005. “Effects of Nitrogen Source and Rate on Productivity and Quality of Winter Oilseed Rape (Brassica napus L.) Grown in Different Crop Rotations.” F. Crop. Res. 94 (2-3): 103-13.
[10] Gan, Y., Malhi, S. S., Brandt, S., Katepa-Mupondwa, F., and Kutcher, H. R. 2007. “Brassica juncea Canola in the Northern Great Plains: Responses to Diverse Environments and Nitrogen Fertilization.” Agron. J. 99 (5): 1208-18.
[11] Malhi, S. S., Vera, C. L., and Brandt, S. A. 2013. “Relative Effectiveness of Organic and Inorganic Nutrient Sources in Improving Yield, Seed Quality and Nutrient Uptake of Canola.” Agric. Sci. 4 (12): 1-18.
[12] Morgan, K. T., Cushman, K. E., and Sato, S. 2009. “Release Mechanisms for Slow- and Controlled-Release Fertilizers and Strategies for Their Use in Vegetable Production.” HortTechnology 19 (1): 10-2.
[13] Shoji, S., Delgado, J., Mosier, A., and Miura, Y. 2001. “Use of Controlled Release Fertilizers and Nitrification Inhibitors to Increase Nitrogen Use Efficiency and to Conserve Air and Water Quality.” Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis 32 (7-8): 1051-70.
[14] Grant, C., and Wu, R. 2008. “Enhanced-Efficiency Fertilizers for Use on the Canadian Prairies.” Crop Manag. 7 (1): 1-15.
[15] Nelson, K. A., Scharf, P. C., Bundy, L. G., and Tracy, P. 2008. “Agricultural Management of Enhanced-Efficiency Fertilizers in the North-Central United States.” Crop Manag. 7 (1): 1-12.
[16] Zvomuya, F., Rosen, C. J., Russelle, M. P., and Gupta, S. C. 2003. “Nitrate Leaching and Nitrogen Recovery Following Application of Polyolefin-Coated Urea to Potato.” J. Environ. Qual. 32 (2): 480-9.
[17] Golden, B. R., Slaton, N. A., Norman, R. J., Wilson, C. E., and DeLong, R. E. 2009. “Evaluation of Polymer-Coated Urea for Direct-Seeded, Delayed-Flood Rice Production.” Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 73 (2): 375-83.
[18] Noellsch, A. J., Motavalli, P. P., Nelson, K. A., and Kitchen, N. R. 2009. “Corn Response to Conventional and Slow-Release Nitrogen Fertilizers across a Claypan Landscape.” Agron. J. 101 (3): 607-14.
[19] Khan, S., Anwar, S., Kuai, J., Ullah, S., Fahad, S., and Zhou, G. 2017. “Optimization of Nitrogen Rate and Planting Density for Improving Yield, Nitrogen Use Efficiency, and Lodging Resistance in Oilseed Rape.” Front. Plant Sci. 8: 532.
[20] Khan, S., Anwar, S., Kuai, J., Noman, A., Shahid, M., Din, M., Ali, A., and Zhou, G. S. 2018. “Alteration in Yield and Oil Quality Traits of Winter Rapeseed by Lodging at Different Planting Density and Nitrogen Rates.” Sci. Rep. 8 (1): 634.
[21] Ramburan, S., and Greenfield, P. L. 2007. “Use of Ethephon and Chlormequat Chloride to Manage Plant Height and Lodging of Irrigated Barley (cv. Puma) When High Rates of N-Fertiliser Are Applied.” South African J. Plant Soil 24 (4): 181-7.
[22] Wu, W., Ma, B. L., Fan, J. J. Sun, M., Yi, Y., Guo, W. S., and Voldeng, H. D. 2019. “Management of Nitrogen Fertilization to Balance Reducing Lodging Risk and Increasing Yield and Protein Content in Spring Wheat.” F. Crop. Res. 241: 107584.
[23] Rademacher, W. 2015. “Plant Growth Regulators: Backgrounds and Uses in Plant Production.” J. Plant Growth Regul. 34 (4): 845-72.
[24] Kirkland, K. J. 1992. “Effect of Triapenthenol Plant-Growth Regulator on Canola Height, Yield, Side Branches and Pod Density.” Can. J. Plant Sci. 72 (4): 1153-6.
[25] Baylis, A. D., and Hutley‐Bull, P. D. 1991. “The Effects of a Paclobutrazol-Based Growth Regulator on the Yield, Quality and Ease of Management of Oilseed Rape.” Ann. Appl. Biol. 118 (2): 445-52.
[26] Baylis, A. D., and Wright, I. T. J. 1990. “The Effects of Lodging and A Paclobutrazol-Chlormequat Chloride Mixture on the Yield and Quality of Oilseed Rape.” Ann. Appl. Biol. 116 (2): 287-95.
[27] Ontario Ministry of Agriculture Food and Rural Affairs. 2017. “Spring and Winter Canola.” In Agronomy Guide for Field Crops; Publication 811, edieted by C. Brown, J. Follings, M. Moran, and B. Rosser. Toronto, Canada: Queen’s Printer for Ontario, 157-72.
[28] R Core Team. 2018. R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing. Vienna, Austria: R Foundation for Statistical Computing.
[29] Lemke, R. L., Mooleki, S. P., Malhi, S. S., Lafond, G., Brandt, S., Shoenau, J. J., Wang, H., Thavarajah, D., Hultgreen, G., and May, W. E. 2009. “Effect of Fertilizer Nitrogen Management and Phosphorus Placement on Canola Production under Varied Conditions in Saskatchewan.” Can. J. Plant Sci. 89 (1): 29-48.
[30] Cheema, M. A., Malik, M. A., Hussain, A., Shah, S. H., and Basra, S. M. A. 2001. “Effects of Time and Rate of Nitrogen and Phosphorus Application on the Growth and the Seed and Oil Yields of Canola (Brassica napus L.).” J. Agron. Crop Sci. 186 (2): 103-10.
[31] Gan, Y., Malhi, S. S., Brandt, S., Katepa-Mupondwa, F., and Stevenson, C. 2008. “Nitrogen Use Efficiency and Nitrogen Uptake of Juncea Canola under Diverse Environments.” Agron. J. 100 (2): 285-95.
[32] Ma, B. L., Biswas, D. K., Herath, A. W., Whalen, J. K., Qianying Ruan, S., Caldwell, C., Earl, H., Vanasse, A., Scott, P., and Smith, D. L. 2015. “Growth, Yield, and Yield Components of Canola as Affected by Nitrogen, Sulfur, and Boron Application.” J. Plant Nutr. Soil Sci. 178 (4): 658-70.
[33] Brandt, S. A., Malhi, S. S., Ulrich, D., Lafond, G. P., Kutcher, H. R., and Johnston, A. M. 2007. “Seeding Rate, Fertilizer Level and Disease Management Effects on Hybrid versus Open Pollinated Canola (Brassica napus L.).” Can. J. Plant Sci. 87 (2): 255-66.
[34] Harker, K. N., and Hartman, M. D. 2016. “Nitrogen and Seeding Rate versus Novel Inputs for Western Canada Canola Production.” Can. J. Plant Sci. 97 (1): 32-43.
[35] Ozer, H. 2003. “Sowing Date and Nitrogen Rate Effects on Growth, Yield and Yield Components of Two Summer Rapeseed Cultivars.” Eur. J. Agron. 19 (3): 453-63.
[36] Kamkar, B., Daneshmand, A. R., Ghooshchi, F., Shiranirad, A. H., and Safahani Langeroudi, A. R. 2011. “The Effects of Irrigation Regimes and Nitrogen Rates on Some Agronomic Traits of Canola under a Semiarid Environment.” Agric. Water Manag. 98 (6): 1005-12.
[37] Kuai, J., Sun, Y., Zhou, M., Zhang, P., Zuo, Q., Wu, J., and Zhou, G. 2016. “The Effect of Nitrogen Application and Planting Density on the Radiation Use Efficiency and the Stem Lignin Metabolism in Rapeseed (Brassica napus L.).” Field Crops Research 199: 89-98.