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Article
Mobile Media and Social Media Addiction: A Survey
Author(s)
Niaz Ahmed
Full-Text PDF
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DOI:10.17265/2159-5836/2019.09.008
Affiliation(s)
Saint Cloud State University, Minnesota, USA
ABSTRACT
This study examined the smartphone and social media addiction among Generation Z. A survey was completed by a non-random sample of 415 students at State University of New York in Oneonta during the academic year 2017-2018. The results revealed that almost all Gen Zers (99%) own a smartphone, and 98% of them use their smartphones to connect to the Internet most of the time. More than half of Gen Zers spend 9 hours or more in a typical day using their smartphones, and nearly half of them spend 3-8 hours per day on their smartphones. With regard to the use of social media, more than half of Gen Zers accessed various social media several times a day, while nearly 1 in 5 admitted accessing social media every hour of the day. As for the amount of time devoted to social media, nearly one-third of the students admitted using social media for 7-10 hours per day, and slightly less than one-third of the students spent 5-6 hours per day on social media. With regard to Generation Z’s perception of their addiction to smartphone and social media, 4 in 5 students admitted that they were spending an excessive amount of time on the Internet, and two-thirds believed that they were spending too much time on social media. Furthermore, 7 in 10 students admitted that they were addicted to the Internet, and nearly two-thirds believed they were addicted to social media. These findings may have significant implications for counseling and intervention for parents, educators, and policy makers.
KEYWORDS
social media addiction, smartphone addiction, internet addiction
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References
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Wood, S. (2013). Generation Z as consumers: Trends and innovation. Institute for Emerging Issues. N.C. State University.
Wu, A. M. S., Cheung, V. I., Ku, L., & Hung, E. P. W. (2013). Psychological risk factors of addiction to social networking sites among Chinese smartphone users. Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 2(3), 160-166.
Andrew, H. (June 5, 2018). Snapchat publishes new insights into Generation Z. Social Media Today.
Bian, M., & Leung, L. (2014). Linking loneliness, shyness, smartphone addiction symptoms, and patterns of smartphone use to social capital. Social Science Computer Review, 33(1), 61-79.
Billieux, J., Maurage, P., Lopez-Fernandez, O., Kuss, D. J., & Griffiths, M. D. (2015). Can disordered mobile phone use be considered a behavioral addiction? An update on current evidence and a comprehensive model for future research. Current Addiction Report, 2, 156-162.
Buglass, S. L., Binder, J. F., Betts, L. R., & Underwood, J. D. M. (2017). Motivators of online vulnerability: The impact of social network site use and FOMO. Computers in Human Behavior, 66, 248-255.
Bragazzi, N. L., & Del Puente, G. (2014). A proposal for including nomophobia in the new DSMV. Psychology Research and Behavior Management, 7, 155-160.
Caplan, S. E. (2003). Preference for online social interaction: A theory of problematic Internet use and psychosocial well-being. Communication Research, 30, 625-648.
Chen, Y., Liang, C., Mai, X., & Zhong, Q. (2016). General deficit in inhibitory control of excessive smartphone users: Evidence from an event-related potential study. Frontiers in Psychology, 7, 511.
Christofides, E., Muise, A., & Desmarais, S. (2012). Risky disclosures on Facebook: The effect of having a bad experience on online behavior. Journal of Adolescent Research, 27(6), 714-731.
Hawi, N., & Samaha, M. (2016). The relations among social media addiction, self-esteem, and life satisfaction in university students. Social Science Computer Review, 35(5), 576-586.
Hong, F., & Chiu, D. (2012). A model of the relationship between psychological characteristics, mobile phone addiction and use of mobile phones by Taiwanese university female students. Computer Human Behavior, 28, 2152-2159.
Jeong, S., Kim, H., Yum, J., & Hwang, Y. (2016). What type of content are smartphone users addicted to?: SNS vs. games. Computers in Human Behavior, 54, 10-17.
King, D., Delfabbro, P., & Griffiths, M. (2010). The convergence of gambling and digital media: Implications for gambling in young people. Journal of Gambling Studies, 26, 175-187.
Kross, E., Verduyn, P., Demiralp, E., Park, J., Lee, D. S., & Lin, N. (2013). Facebook use predicts declines in subjective well-being in young adults. PLOS One, 8(8), e69841.
Kuss, D. J., & Griffiths, M. D. (2011). Online social networking and addiction—a review of the psychological literature. International Journal of Environmental Research. Public Health, 8, 3528-3552.
Kuss, D. J., & Griffiths, M. D. (2012). Internet gaming addiction: A systematic review of empirical research. International Journal of Mental Health Addiction, 10, 278-296.
Lee, J., Sung, M., Song, S., Lee, Y., Lee, J., Cho, S., Park, M., & Shin, Y. (2016). Psychological factors associated with smartphone addiction in South Korean adolescents. The Journal of Early Adolescence, 38(3), 288-302.
Lin, Y. C., Lee, P. H., Lin, S. H., Lin, L. R., & Chang, T. B. (2015). Time distortion associated with smartphone addiction: Identifying smartphone addiction via a mobile application. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 65, 139-145.
Lopez-Fernandez, O., Kuss, D. J., Griffiths, M. D., & Billieux, J. (2015). The conceptualization and assessment of problematic mobile phone use. In Encyclopedia of mobile phone behavior (pp. 591-606). Hershey, Pa: IGI Global.
Megan, A. W., William, M. B., & Eric, L. (2016). The digital self: How social media serves as a setting that shapes youth’s emotional experiences. Adolescent Research Review, 1(2), 163-173.
Miller, L., & Lu, W. (2018, August 20). Gen Z is set to outnumber millennials. Bloomberg Economic.
Montag, P. W. (2016). Carpe diem instead of losing your social mind: Beyond digital addiction and why we all suffer from digital overuse. Cogent Psychology, 3(1), 1157281.
Moreno, M. A., Jelenchick, L. A., Egan, K. G., Cox, E., Young, H., Gannon, K. E., & Becker, T. (2011). Feeling bad on Facebook: Depression disclosures by college students on a social networking site. Depression and Anxiety, 28(6), 447-455.
Müller, K. W., Dreier, M., Duven, E., Giralt, S., Beutel, M. E., & Wölfling, K. A. (2016). Hidden type of Internet addiction? Intense and addictive use of social networking sites in adolescents. Computers in Human Behavior, 55, 172-177.
Muise, A., Christofides, E., & Desmarais, S. (2009). More information than you ever wanted: Does Facebook bring out the green-eyed monster of jealousy? Cyberpsychology & Behavior, 12(4), 441-444.
Nazir, S., & Samaha, M. (2016). Relationships among smartphone addiction, anxiety, and family relations. Behavior & Information Technology, 36(10), 1046-1052.
Oberst, U., Wegmann, E., Stodt, B., Brand, M., & Chamarro, A. (2017). Negative consequences from heavy social networking in adolescents: The mediating role of fear of missing out. Journal of Adolescence, 55, 51-60.
Przybylski, A. K., Murayama, K., DeHaan, C. R., & Gladwell, V. (2013). Motivational, emotional, and behavioral correlates of fear of missing out. Computers in Human Behavior, 29, 1841-1848.
Seemiller, C., & Grace, M. (2016). Generation Z goes to college. San Francisco, California: Jossey-Brass.
Schimmenti, A., Passanisi, A., Gervasi, A. M., Manzella, S., & Fama, F. I. (2015). Insecure attachment attitudes in the onset of problematic Internet use among late adolescents. Child Psychiatry Human Development, 45, 588-595.
Schou, A. C., & Pallesen, S. (2014). Social network site addiction—an overview. Current Pharmaceutical Design, 20(25), 4053-4061.
Smith, A., & Monica, A. (2016). Social media use in 2016. Pew Research Center Internet & Technology. Pew Research Center.
Song, I., LaRose, R., Eastin, M. S., & Lin, C. A. (2004). Internet gratifications and internet addiction: On the uses and abuses of new media. Cyberpsychology and Behavior, 7, 384-394.
Statista Facts on Social Networks. (2015). Average numbers of hours per day spent by social media users on all social media channels. Retrieved from https://www.statista.com/statistics/270229/usage-duration-of-social networks-by-country/
Statista Facts on Social Networks. (2016). Retrieved from https://www.statista.com/topics/1164/social-networks/
Tsitsika, A. K., Tzavela, E. C., Janikian, M., Ólafsson, K., Iordache, A., Schoenmakers, T. M., Tzavara, C., & Richardson, C. (2014). Online social networking in adolescence: Patterns of use in six European countries and links with psychosocial functioning. Journal of Adolescent Health, 55, 141-147.
Wang, C. W., Ho, R. T. H., Chan, C. L. W., & Tse, S. (2015). Exploring personality characteristics of Chinese adolescents with internet-related addictive behaviors: Trait differences for gaming addiction and social networking addiction. Addictive Behavior, 42, 32-35.
Wood, S. (2013). Generation Z as consumers: Trends and innovation. Institute for Emerging Issues. N.C. State University.
Wu, A. M. S., Cheung, V. I., Ku, L., & Hung, E. P. W. (2013). Psychological risk factors of addiction to social networking sites among Chinese smartphone users. Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 2(3), 160-166.