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Article
Translating Artificial Languages and Alien Identities in Science Fiction (Multilingual) Films
Author(s)
Michela Canepari
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DOI:10.17265/1539-8080/2018.01.003
Affiliation(s)
University of Parma, Parma, Italy
ABSTRACT
Throughout history, artificial languages have often developed side by side natural languages, and although some of them have been relegated to the status of bizarre experiments, others have prospered and, as with Esperanto, are used to this day. In this sense, literature and cinema have often posited themselves as important arenas of linguistic creativity and have repeatedly voiced the impact new languages can have in societies where intercultural and interlinguistic issues are brought to the fore. From the Newspeak created by Orwell in 1984 to the Nadsat we find in A Clockwork Orange by Burgess, artificial languages have often represented important tools through which authors could question the relationship between language and power, the linguistic representation of Others, its consequences, and so on. In particular, because the genres of science fiction and, to a certain extent, fantasy represent the ideal settings in which the creativity of language can express itself, many of the artificial languages created throughout the 20th and the 21st century stem from this type of production. This paper therefore aims at analyzing some of the instances of artificial languages as represented in some of the most popular science fiction products of our age (the Star Wars saga in particular), focusing specifically on the way they were translated audio-visually for the Italian audience. As my paper suggests, the ineffective and often inadequate translations of these languages, which represent essential aspects of the fictional universes construed in these works, go to the detriment of the viewers’ enjoyment and, more fundamentally, affect the many implications the source texts have at a linguistic, cultural, and philosophical level.
KEYWORDS
artificial language, interlinguistic translation, audio-visual translation
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References
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Greimas, A. J., & Courtés, J. (1979). Semiotics and language: An analytical dictionary. Bloomigton: Indiana University Press.
Greimas, A. J. (1966). Sémantique structurale (Structural semantic). Paris: Larousse.
Harrison, B. (1991). Inconvenient fictions. New Haven and London: Yale University Press.
Heinlein. R.A. (1959). Starship troopers. New York: Putnam.
Heiss, C. (2004). Dubbing multilingual films: A new challenge? Meta, 49(1).
Herbert, F. (1965). Dune. Philadelphia: Chilton Books.
Higley, S. L. (2007). Hildegard of Bingen’s unknown language: An edition, translation, and discussion. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
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Katan, D. (1999). Translating cultures—An introduction for translators, interpreters and mediators. Manchester: St. Jerome.
Large, A. (1985). The artificial language movement. Oxford, New York, London: B. Blackwell.
Large, A. (1994). Artificial languages. In R. E. Asher (Ed.), The encyclopedia of language and linguistics. Oxford: Pergamon Press.
Libert, A. R., & Moskovsky, C. (2011). Aspects of the grammar and lexica of artificial languages. Frankfurt: Peter Lang.
Libert, A. R. (2000). A priori artificial languages. Munich: Lincom Europa.
Libert, A. R. (2003). Mixed artificial languages. München: Lincom Europa.
Libert, A. R. (2004). Artificial descendants of Latin. München: Lincom Europa.
Libert, A. R. (2008). Daughters of Esperanto. München: Lincom Europa.
Maher. B. (2011). Recreation and style: Translating humorous literature in Italian and English. Amsterdam, Philadelphia: John Benjamin’s.
Martin, G. R. R. (1996). A game of thrones. New York: Harper Collins.
McHale, B. (1987). Postmodernist fiction. New York and London: Routledge.
More, T. (2017). Utopia (1516). London: Alma Books.
Okrent, A. (2009). In the land of invented languages: Esperanto rock stars, Klingon poets, loglan lovers, and the mad dreamers who tried to build a perfect language. New York: Spiegel & Grau.
Orwell, G. (2017). 1984 (1949). New York: Ishi Press.
Pavesi, M. (2005). La traduzione filmica. (Filmic translation). Roma: Carocci.
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Rushdie, S. (1975). Grimus. London: Gollancz.
Rushdie, S. (1981). The midnight’s children. London: Jonathan Cape.
Rushdie, S. (1982). The Empire writes back with a vengeance (p. 8). The Times, 3 July.
Rushdie, S. (1983). Shame. London: Picador.
Rushdie, S. (1988). The Satanic verses. New York: Viking Press.
Rushdie, S. (1991). Imaginary homelands. London: Granta Books.
Rushdie, S. (1992). The ground beneath her feet. London: Jonathan Cape.
Spivak, G. (1988). Can the subaltern speak? In C. Nelson and L. Grossberg (Eds.), Marxism and the interpretation of culture. Basingstoke: Macmillan.
Sudre, F. (1866). Langue musicale universelle. Paris: Flaxland.
Swift, J. (2012). Gulliver’s travels (1726). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Swinford, D. (2001). Defining irrealism: Scientific development and allegorical possibility. Journal of the Fantastic in the Arts, 12(1).
Tolkien, J. R. R. (1966). The lord of the rings (1937-1949). London: Allen and Unwin.
Tolkien, J. R. R. (2009). The hobbit (1937). New York: Harper Collins.
Venuti, L. (1995). The translator’s invisibility, a history of translation. London and New York: Routledge.
Astori, D. (2017). Perché tradurre Testi Sacri in una lingua pianificata. Il caso dell’esperanto (Why translating the Sacred Texts in a planned language. The case of Esperanto). Paper presented at The 8th Conference The Visible Translator, Parma University, Parma.
Barthes, R. (1971). La paix culturelle (Cultural peace). In R. Barthes (1994), The complete works (Vol. II). Paris: Seuil.
Barthes, R. (1973). La guerre des langages (The war of languages). In R. Barthes (1994), The complete works (Vol. II). Paris: Seuil.
Bausani, A. (1970). Geheim-und Universalsprachen: Entwicklung u. Typologie (Language typology and language universals). Stuttgart, Berlin, Köln: Kohlhammer.
Benet, V., & Clarke, J. (2017). The language of a clockwork orange: A corpus stylistic approach to Nadsat. Language and Literature, 26(3).
Blanke, D. (1985). Internationale plansprachen: Eine Einführung (International planned languages: An introduction.). Berlin: Akademie Verlag.
Blom, J. P., & Gumperz, J. J. (1972). Social meaning in linguistic structures: Code switching in northern Norway. In J. J. Gumperz and D. Hymes, Directions in sociolinguistics. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
Booker, M. K., & Thomas, A. M. (2009). The science-fiction handbook. Oxford, Boston et al.: Wiley Blackwell.
Bréan, S., & Cornu, J. F. (2012). The translation and reception of multilingual films. In Media, 2. Retrieved 27 December, 2017 from http://journals.openedition.org/inmedia/486
Burgess, A. (2015). A clockwork orange (1962). London: Methuen.
Butler, O. (1987). Dawn. New York: Warner Books.
Butler, O. (1988). Adulthood rites. New York: Warner Books.
Butler, O. (1989). Imago. New York: Warner Books.
Canepari, M. (2002). Word-worlds: Language, identity and reality in the work of Christine Brooke-Rose. Bern, Oxford, New York et al.: Peter Lang.
Canepari, M. (2013). Viaggio intersemiotico nel linguaggio della scienza (Intersemiotic journey through the language of science) (Vol. 1). Roma: Nuova Cultura.
Carlevaro, T. (1989). Planned auxiliary language and communicative competence. In K. Schubert (Ed.), Interlinguistics: Aspects of the science of planned languages (pp. 173-187). Berlin, New York: Walter de Gruyter.
Coleridge, S. T. (1979). Biographia letteraria (1817). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Delany, S. (1967). The Einstein intersection. New York: Ace Books.
Delany, S. (1984). Stars in my pockets like grains of sand. New York: Bantam Books.
Diaz-Cintas, J. (2011). Dealing with milingual films in audiovisual translation. In W. Pöckl, I. Ohnheiser, and P. Sandrini (Eds.), Translation. Frankfurt: Peter Lang.
Duličenko, A. (1989). Ethnic language and planned language. In K. Schubert (Ed.), Interlinguistics: Aspects of the science of planned languages (pp. 47-61). Berlin, New York: Mouton de Gruyter.
Di Fortunato, E., & Paolinelli, M. (2005). Tradurre per il doppiaggio (Dubbing). Milano: Hoepli.
Emecheta, B. (1974). Second-class citizen. London: Heinemann.
Emecheta, B. (1984). The rape of Shavi. London: Ogwugwu Afor.
Evans, R. O. (1971). Nadsat: The argot and its implications in Anthony Burgess’ A Clockwork Orange. Journal of Modern Literature, 1(3).
Fiedler, S. (2007). Phraseology in planned languages. In H. Burger (Ed.), Phraseology: An international handbook of contemporary research. Berlin, New York: Mouton de Gruyter.
Fiedler, S. (2012). The Esperanto denaskulo: The status of the native speaker of Esperanto within and beyond the planned language community. Language Problems & Language Planning, 36(1).
Flood, A. (2015). Gulliver’s Travels’ nonsense language is based on Hebrew, claims scholar. The Guardian, 17 August.
Fowler, R. (1995). The language of George Orwell. Basingstoke: Palgrve McMillan.
Frathwiki. (2013). Conlang terminology. Retrieved 21 December, 2017 from http://www.frathwiki.com/Conlang_terminology
Garzone, G. (2002). The cultural turn: Traduttologia, interculturalità e mediazione linguistica (The cultural turn: Translation Studies, Interculture and linguistic mediation). Culture, 16.
Gobbo, F. (2009). Fondamenti di interlinguistica ed esperantologia (The fundamentals of interlinguistics and esperantology). Milano: Libreria Cortina Milano.
Gosh, A. (1986). The circle of reason. New York: Viking.
Gosh, A. (1994). In an antique land. New York: Vintage Books.
Gosh, A. (1995). The Calcutta chromosome. New York: Perennial Books.
Gosh, A. (2008). A sea of poppies. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux.
Gosh, A. (2011). River of smoke. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux.
Gottlieb, B. (1999). Racial stereotypes in a galaxy far, far away? Retrieved 27 December, 2017 from http://www.slate.com/articles/news_ and_politics/hey_wait_a_minute/1999/05/the_merchant_of_menace.html
Greimas, A. J., & Courtés, J. (1979). Semiotics and language: An analytical dictionary. Bloomigton: Indiana University Press.
Greimas, A. J. (1966). Sémantique structurale (Structural semantic). Paris: Larousse.
Harrison, B. (1991). Inconvenient fictions. New Haven and London: Yale University Press.
Heinlein. R.A. (1959). Starship troopers. New York: Putnam.
Heiss, C. (2004). Dubbing multilingual films: A new challenge? Meta, 49(1).
Herbert, F. (1965). Dune. Philadelphia: Chilton Books.
Higley, S. L. (2007). Hildegard of Bingen’s unknown language: An edition, translation, and discussion. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Hoberman, J. (1999). All droid up. The Village Voice. Retrieved 27 September, 2017 from https://www.villagevoice.com/1999/05/18/all-droid-up/
Izadi, E. (2016). Why “Star Trek” was so important to Martin Luther King Jr.. The Washington Post, 8 September.
Katan, D. (1999). Translating cultures—An introduction for translators, interpreters and mediators. Manchester: St. Jerome.
Large, A. (1985). The artificial language movement. Oxford, New York, London: B. Blackwell.
Large, A. (1994). Artificial languages. In R. E. Asher (Ed.), The encyclopedia of language and linguistics. Oxford: Pergamon Press.
Libert, A. R., & Moskovsky, C. (2011). Aspects of the grammar and lexica of artificial languages. Frankfurt: Peter Lang.
Libert, A. R. (2000). A priori artificial languages. Munich: Lincom Europa.
Libert, A. R. (2003). Mixed artificial languages. München: Lincom Europa.
Libert, A. R. (2004). Artificial descendants of Latin. München: Lincom Europa.
Libert, A. R. (2008). Daughters of Esperanto. München: Lincom Europa.
Maher. B. (2011). Recreation and style: Translating humorous literature in Italian and English. Amsterdam, Philadelphia: John Benjamin’s.
Martin, G. R. R. (1996). A game of thrones. New York: Harper Collins.
McHale, B. (1987). Postmodernist fiction. New York and London: Routledge.
More, T. (2017). Utopia (1516). London: Alma Books.
Okrent, A. (2009). In the land of invented languages: Esperanto rock stars, Klingon poets, loglan lovers, and the mad dreamers who tried to build a perfect language. New York: Spiegel & Grau.
Orwell, G. (2017). 1984 (1949). New York: Ishi Press.
Pavesi, M. (2005). La traduzione filmica. (Filmic translation). Roma: Carocci.
Perego, E. (2005). La traduzione audiovisiva (Audiovisual translation). Roma: Carocci.
Perego, E., & Taylor, C. (2012). Tradurre l’audiovisivo (Translating audiovisual products). Roma: Carocci.
Pirro, J. (1868). Tentative d'une langue universelle: Enseignement, grammaire, vocabulaire (An attempt at creating a universal language). Chamonix: Guérin.
Reznikov, A. (2001). George Orwell’s theory of language. USA: Writers Club Press.
Rushdie, S. (1975). Grimus. London: Gollancz.
Rushdie, S. (1981). The midnight’s children. London: Jonathan Cape.
Rushdie, S. (1982). The Empire writes back with a vengeance (p. 8). The Times, 3 July.
Rushdie, S. (1983). Shame. London: Picador.
Rushdie, S. (1988). The Satanic verses. New York: Viking Press.
Rushdie, S. (1991). Imaginary homelands. London: Granta Books.
Rushdie, S. (1992). The ground beneath her feet. London: Jonathan Cape.
Spivak, G. (1988). Can the subaltern speak? In C. Nelson and L. Grossberg (Eds.), Marxism and the interpretation of culture. Basingstoke: Macmillan.
Sudre, F. (1866). Langue musicale universelle. Paris: Flaxland.
Swift, J. (2012). Gulliver’s travels (1726). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Swinford, D. (2001). Defining irrealism: Scientific development and allegorical possibility. Journal of the Fantastic in the Arts, 12(1).
Tolkien, J. R. R. (1966). The lord of the rings (1937-1949). London: Allen and Unwin.
Tolkien, J. R. R. (2009). The hobbit (1937). New York: Harper Collins.
Venuti, L. (1995). The translator’s invisibility, a history of translation. London and New York: Routledge.