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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License
Article
A Variation Account of Divergent Thinking
Author(s)
Leonid Dorfman, Vera Gassimova
Full-Text PDF
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DOI:10.17265/2159-5836/2017.08.013
Affiliation(s)
Perm State Institute of Culture, Perm, Russia
ABSTRACT
A variation account was applied to divergent thinking accommodated as a kind of creative thinking. To provide control (contrast) condition the variation account was applied to psychometric intelligence. Guilford’s (1956, 1967, 1988) theory of divergentconvergent thinking served the background of our study. The main premise was that creative variation represents “thought trials” with diverse ways to find a solution to the problem. Task demands and the respective creative problem solving reveal advantageous sources that suggest the variation. Probably, uncertainty, information search, and finding alternatives extracted from memory precede, entail and provide variety of seeking, as well. A principal hypothesis to be tested was that divergent thinking enables its variation rather than intelligence does that to its variation. As predicted, the divergent thinking and its variation were related. Compared to uncreative, creative persons were characterized by larger variation. Apart from the mathematical intelligence, other kinds of intelligence and their variation did not correlate. Mainly, the data obtained, thus, lend support to the claimed hypothesis.
KEYWORDS
variation, creativity, divergent thinking, intelligence, scattering
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References
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Simonton, D. K. (2013). Creative thought as blind variation and selective retention: Why creativity is inversely related to sightedness. Journal of Theoretical and Philosophical Psychology, 33(4), 253-266.
Spalva, R. (2013). Innovation in choreography of Leonid Yakobson. Journal of Literature and Art Studies, 3(10), 657-662.
Spearman, C. (1931), Creative mind. Oxford: Appleton-Century.
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Suler, J. R. (1980). Primary process thinking and creativity. Psychological Bulletin, 88, 144-165.
van der Yen, A. H. G. S. (1992). Item homogeneity in verbal tests: A Rasch analysis of Amthauer’s verbal tests. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 52, 623-641.
Vartanian, O. (2009). Variable attention facilitates creative problem solving. Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity, and the Arts, 3(1), 57-59. doi:10.1037/a0014781
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Wallach, M. A., & Kogan, N. (1965). Modes of thinking in young children. New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston.
Woolley, S. C., & Doupe, A. J. (2008). Social context-induced song variation affects female behavior and gene expression. PLoS Biology, 6, e62.
Wu, H. G., Miyamoto, Y. R., Gonzalez Castro, L. N., Ölveczky, B. P., & Smith, M. A. (2014). Temporal structure of motor variability is dynamically regulated and predicts motor learning ability. Nature Neuroscience, 17, 312-321.
Averina, I. S., & Scheblanova, E. I. (1996). The verbal test of creative thinking “the alternate uses”. Moscow: Sobor (In Russian).
Brown, G. D. A., Wood, A. M., & Chater, N. (2012). Sources of variation within the individual. In P. Hammerstein and J. R. Stevens (Eds.), Evolution and the mechanisms of decision making (Vol. 11). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Campbell, D. T. (1960). Blind variation and selective retention in creative thought as in other knowledge processes. Psychological Review, 67, 380-400.
Campbell, D. T. (1974). Unjustified variation and selective retention in scientific discovery. In F. Ayala and T. Dobszhansky (Eds.), Studies in the philosophy of biology: Reduction and related problems (pp. 139-161). London, UK: Macmillan.
Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1997). Creativity: Flow and the psychology of discovery and invention. New York: Harper Perennial.
Dorfman, L. Ya. (2016). Creative field, divergence, and variation. Psychological Journal, 37(1), 26-34. (In Russian).
Dorfman, L. Ya., & Baleva, M. V. (2014). Relationships between creativity and variation. Psychological Journal, 35(2), 57-78. (In Russian).
Dorfman, L., Martindale, C., Gassimova, V., & Vartanian, O. (2008). Creativity and speed of information processing: A double dissociation involving elementary versus inhibitory cognitive tasks. Personality and Individual Differences, 44, 1382-1390.
Eid, M., & Diener, E. (1999). Intraindividual variability in affect: Reliability, validity, and personality correlates. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 76(4), 662-676.
Epstein, J. N., Langberg, J. M., Rosen, P. J., Graham, A., Narad, M. E., Antonini, T. N., ...Altaye, M. (2011). Evidence for higher reaction time variability for children with ADHD on arrange of cognitive tasks including reward and event rate manipulations. Neuropsychology, 25(4), 427441.
Eysenck, H. J. (1995). Genius. The natural history of creativity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Gärdenfors, P. (2000). Conceptual spaces: The geometry of thought. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Guilford, J. P. (1950). Creativity. American Psychologist, 5, 444-454.
Guilford, J. P. (1956). The structure of intellect. Psychological Bulletin, 53(4), 267-293.
Guilford, J. P. (1967). Creativity: Yesterday, today, and tomorrow. Journal of Creative Behavior, 1, 3-14.
Guilford, J. P. (1988). Some changes in the structure-of-intellect model. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 48, 1-4.
Iezzi, A. (2013). Contemporary Chinese calligraphy between tradition and innovation. Journal of Literature and Art Studies, 3(3), 158-179.
Kris, E. (1952). Psychoanalytic explorations in art. New York: International Universities Press.
Lefebvre, H. (1991). The production of space. Cambridge, England: Blackwell.
Mack, T. (2012). The transmigrating Evil Genius: From Boothby to Rohmer to Fleming. Journal of Literature and Art Studies, 2(8), 751-757.
Malpas, J. (2012). Putting space in place: philosophical topography and relational geography. Environment and Planning D: Society and Space, 30, 226-242.
Martindale, C. (1989). Personality, situation, and creativity. In J. A. Glover, R. R. Ronning, and C. R. Reynolds (Eds.), Handbook of creativity (pp. 211-232). New York: Plenum.
Martindale, C. (1995). Creativity and connectionism. In S. M. Smith, T. B. Ward, and R. A. Finke (Eds.), The creative cognition approach (pp. 249-268). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Martindale, C. (1999). Biological bases of creativity. In R. J. Sternberg (Ed.), Handbook of creativity (pp. 137-152). New York: Cambridge University Press.
Mednick, S. A. (1962). The associative basis of the creative process. Psychological Review, 69(3), 220-232.
Pinker, S. (2003). The blank slate. New York: Penguin.
Plucker, J. A., & Renzulli, J. S. (1999). Psychometric approaches to the study of human creativity. In R.J. Sternberg (Ed.), Handbook of creativity (pp. 35-61). New York: Cambridge University Press.
Reckess, G. Z., Varvaris, M., Gordon, B., & Schretlen, D. J. (2014). Withinperson distributions of neuropsychological test scores as a function of dementia severity. Neuropsychology, 28(2), 254-260.
Runco, M. A. (2007). Creativity. Amsterdam: Elsevier.
Runco, M. A. (2008). Commentary: Divergent thinking is not synonymous with creativity. Psychology of Aesthetics Creativity and the Arts, 2(2), 93-96.
Senin, I. G., Sorokina, O. V., & Chirkov, V. I. (1993). The test of intelllectual abilities. Yaroslavl: Psychodiagnostica (In Russian).
Silvia, P. J., Winterstein, B. P., Willse, J. T., Barona, C. M., Cram, J. T., Hess, K. I., Martinez, J. L., & Richard, C. A. (2008). Assessing creativity with divergent thinking tasks: Exploring the reliability and validity of new subjective scoring methods. Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity, and the Arts, 2(2), 68-85.
Simonton, D. K. (2013). Creative thought as blind variation and selective retention: Why creativity is inversely related to sightedness. Journal of Theoretical and Philosophical Psychology, 33(4), 253-266.
Spalva, R. (2013). Innovation in choreography of Leonid Yakobson. Journal of Literature and Art Studies, 3(10), 657-662.
Spearman, C. (1931), Creative mind. Oxford: Appleton-Century.
Sternberg, R. (1999). Intelligence. In M. A. Runco and S. R. Pritzker (Eds.), Encyclopedia of creativity (Vol. 2, pp. 81-88). San Diego et al.: Academic Press.
Suler, J. R. (1980). Primary process thinking and creativity. Psychological Bulletin, 88, 144-165.
van der Yen, A. H. G. S. (1992). Item homogeneity in verbal tests: A Rasch analysis of Amthauer’s verbal tests. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 52, 623-641.
Vartanian, O. (2009). Variable attention facilitates creative problem solving. Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity, and the Arts, 3(1), 57-59. doi:10.1037/a0014781
Vartanian, O., Martindale, C., & Kingery, L. (2002). Creativity and disinhibition. In Eu. Malianov, N. Zakharov, E. Berezina, L. Dorfman, V. Petrov, and C. Martindale (Eds.), Personality, creativity, and art (pp. 204-215). Perm: Perm State Institute of Art and Culture, Prikamsky Social Institute.
Vartanian, O., Martindale, C., & Kwiatkowski, J. (2007). Creative potential, attention, and speed of information processing. Personality & Individual Differences, 34, 1370-1380.
Wallach, M. A., & Kogan, N. (1965). Modes of thinking in young children. New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston.
Woolley, S. C., & Doupe, A. J. (2008). Social context-induced song variation affects female behavior and gene expression. PLoS Biology, 6, e62.
Wu, H. G., Miyamoto, Y. R., Gonzalez Castro, L. N., Ölveczky, B. P., & Smith, M. A. (2014). Temporal structure of motor variability is dynamically regulated and predicts motor learning ability. Nature Neuroscience, 17, 312-321.