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Affiliation(s)

1. Coimbra Chemistry Center, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, and Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Polo III, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, Coimbra 3000-548, Portugal
2. Interdisciplinary Research Centre for Integral Regional Development-Durango, National Polytechnic Institute, Sigma 119, 20 de Noviembre II, Durango 34220, DGO, México
3. Department of Food and Experimental Nutrition, Pharmaceutical Science School, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes 580, Bloco 14, CEP055800-000, São Paulo, Brazil
4. Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Avenida Brasil 4365, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil

ABSTRACT

Zea mays L. is one of the biggest cropping systems among the sustainable development agronomy. Pollen from this crop source is unexplored and apiculture can be a good partner adding value to the product and creating new jobs helping to solve some social issues as unemployment. However, food safety is crucial, thus the aim of this study was to explore the flavonoid/phenolic profiles from Z. mays L. pollen as a fingerprint for this plant identification and also to demonstrate how the method of bee pollen samples (honeybee collected pollen) is applied. For this purpose, several sources of Z. mays L. pollen were analyzed, including corn hybrids and genetic modified samples collected at the breeding fields. For this work, samples were taken at several years from 2000 to 2012 and collected from different countries and locations, such as Portugal, Mexico and Brazil. Results showed, for the first time, that the fingerprint (flavonoid/phenolic profile) for Z. mays L. pollen does not change over the time of sampling neither with the region of harvesting. The high performance liquid chromatography-diode array detector (HPLC/DAD) fingerprints of phenolic/flavonoid extract from Z. mays remain unchanged for all samples analyzed from different countries, hybrids and/or genetic modified plants. This is also the first study reporting these phenolic compounds not only in pollen collected directly from hybrid plants, but also in Z. mays bee pollen. The described fingerprinting method is easy, fast and accurate for the characterization of Z. mays L. pollen samples and complete microscopic analysis because it is species-specific.

KEYWORDS

Flavonoids, phenols, Zea mays, pollen, bee pollen, food safety, phenolic fingerprinting, palynological analysis, oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC).

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