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Article
Affective Meaning of Pronouns in a Russian Sample
Author(s)
Leonid Dorfman
Full-Text PDF
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DOI:10.17265/2159-5836/2016.09.007
Affiliation(s)
Perm State Institute of Culture, Perm, Russia
ABSTRACT
The present study examines affective meaning of pronouns (in Russian) represented by the semantic differential. Of direct relevance to the present study is the theory of affective meaning propounded by Osgood. Two hypotheses were tested. According to a “magnitude” hypothesis, affective dimensions (each of evaluation, potency, and activity taken separately) differ in their magnitude across pronouns I, My, Me, and They. A “structural” hypothesis stated that the affective dimensions yield latent factors across (the generality) and within (the concept-scale interaction) the pronoun concepts. Repeated-measures analysis of variance (1-way ANOVA) and confirmatory factor analysis were employed to process data. It was found that each of the evaluation and potency measures yield a significant magnitude change across the pronouns, but there was indicated no significant change across the pronouns with respect to the activity dimension. Therewith, the pronoun My gained a salient value and the pronoun They the smallest value. Using confirmatory factor analysis five models were tested. Among them one model was good fit to the data. It engaged a four-factor solution resulted in that four pronouns are latent affective distinct but related factors and the evaluation, potency, and activity are their indicators.
KEYWORDS
personal pronouns, affective meaning, semantic differential, generality, concept-scale interaction
Cite this paper
References
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Bynner, J., & Coxhead, P. (1979). Some problems in the analysis of semantic differential data. Human Relations, 32(5), 367-385. doi:10.1177/001872677903200502
Carey, A. L., Brucks, M. S., Küfner, A. C. P., Holtzman, N. S., große Deters, F., Back, M. D., … Mehl, M. R. (2015). Narcissism and the use of personal pronouns revisited. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 109(3), e1-e15. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/pspp0000029
Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power for the social sciences. Hillsdale, NJ: Laurence Erlbaum and Associates.
Davies, J., & Stacey, B. (1972). Teenagers and alcohol. London: HMSO.
Dorfman, L. Y. (2004). Self-concept: Differentiation and integration. In L. Dorfman (Ed.), Integral individuality, self-concept, and personality (pp. 96-123). Moscow: Smysl. (In Russian).
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Erceg-Hurn, D. M., & Mirosevich, V. M. (2008). Modern robust statistical methods: An easy way to maximize the accuracy and power of your research. American Psychologist, 63(7), 591-601. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.63.7.591
Fitzsimons, G. M., & Kay, A. C. (2004). Language and interpersonal cognition: Causal effects of variations in pronoun usage on perceptions of closeness. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 30(5), 547-557. doi:10.1177/0146167203262852
Heise, D. R. (1969). Some methodological issues in semantic differential research. Psychological Bulletin, 7, 406-422. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/h0028448
Heise, D. R. (2010). Surveying cultures. Discovering shared conceptions and sentiments. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
Hermans, H. J. M. (1996). Voicing the self: From information processing to dialogical interchange. Psychological Bulletin, 119(1), 31-50. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.119.1.31
Hermans, H. J. M., Kempen, H. J. G., & Van Loon, R. J. P. (1992). The dialogical self: Beyond individualism and rationalism. American Psychologist, 47, 23-33. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.47.1.23
Hu, L. T., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling, 6, 1-55. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10705519909540118
James, W. (1981). The principles of psychology (Vol. 2). Cambridge: Harvard University Press. (Original work published 1890).
Kline, R. B. (2011). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling (3rd ed.). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
Komorita, S. S., & Bass, A. R. (1967). Attitude differentiation and evaluative scales of the semantic differential. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 6, 241-244. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/h0024656
Kubiniec, C. M., & Farr, S. D. (1971). Concept-scale and concept-component in interaction in the semantic differential. Psychological Reports, 28, 531-541. doi:10.2466/pr0.1971.28.2.531
Kuusinen, J. (1969). Affective and denotative structures of personality ratings. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 12, 181-188. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/h0027713
Livant, W. P. (1963). A comparison of noun and verb forms on the semantic differential. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 1, 357-360. doi:10.1016/S0022-5371(63)80017-1
Love, J., & McKoon, G. (2011). Rules of engagement: Incomplete and complete pronoun resolution. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 37(4), 874-887. doi:10.1037/a0022932
MA, W. Y., & LIU, X. (2016). Understanding lecturers’ well-being from the aspects of self-determination theory. Journal of Literature and Art Studies, 6(2), 203-208. doi:10.17265/2159-5836/2016.02.009.
Makarova, V. (2012). The linguistic means of representing women in the Doukhobor Russian psalms. Journal of Literature and Art Studies, 2(8), 814-833.
Mann, I. T., Phillips, J. L., & Thompson, E. G. (1979). An examination of methodological issues relevant to the use and interpretation of the semantic differential. Applied Psychological Measurement, 3(2), 213-229. doi:10.1177/014662167900300211
Mayerberg, C. K., & Bean, A. G. (1978). Two types of factors in the analysis of semantic differential attitude data. Applied Psychological Measurement, 2(4), 469-480. doi:10.1177/014662167800200401
McGregor, S. A. (2010). The analysis of personality through language: Narcissism predicts use of shame-related words in narratives (Unpublished honor’s thesis, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI).
Meissner, W. W. (2008). The role of language in the development of the self III: The significance of pronouns. Psychoanalytic Psychology, 25(2), 242-256. doi:10.1037/0736-9735.25.2.242
Miron, M. S. (1969). What is it that is being differentiated by the semantic differential? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 12, 189-193. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/h0027714
Miron, M. S., & Osgood, C. E. (1966). Language behavior: The multivariate structure of qualification. In R. B. Cattell (Ed.), Handbook of multivariate experimental psychology. Chicago: Rand McNally.
Nordenstreng, K. (1970). Changes in the meaning of semantic differential scales: Measurement of subject-scale interaction effects. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 1(3), 217-237. doi:10.1177/135910457000100302
Osgood, C. E. (1966). Dimensionality of the semantic space for communication via facial expressions. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 7, 1-30.
Osgood, C. E. (1969). On the whys and wherefores of E, P, and A. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 12, 194-199. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/h0027715
Osgood, C. E., May, W. H., & Miron, M. S. (1975). Cross-cultural universals of affective meaning. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.
Osgood, C. E..Suci, G. J., & Tannenbaum, P. H. (1957). The measurement of meaning. Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press.
Osgood, C. E. (1980). A history of psychology in autobiography (Vol. VII, pp. 335-393). G. Lindzey (Ed.). San Francisco, CA, US: W H Freeman & Co. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/11346-009
Piotrowski, C. (1983). Factor structure on the semantic differential as a function of method of analysis. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 43(1), 183-288. doi:10.1177/001316448304300138
Rosnow, R. L. (2000). Semantic differential. Encyclopedia of Psychology, 7, 224-225. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/10522-099
Schermelleh-Engel, K., Moosbrugger, H., & Műller, H. (2003). Evaluating the fit of structural equation models: Tests of significance and descriptive goodness-of-fit measures. Methods of Psychological Research, 8, 23-74.
Schröder, T. (2011). A model of language-based impression formation and attribution among Germans. Journal of Language and Social Psychology, 30(1), 82-102. doi:10.1177/0261927X10387103
Shaw, D. R. (1955). Variation in inter-scale correlation on the semantic differential as a function of the concept judged (MS Thesis, University of Illinois at Urbana).
Shepard, L. (1979). Self-acceptance: The evaluative component of the self-concept construct. American Educational Research Journal, 16(2), 139-160. doi:10.3102/00028312016002139
Stern, D. N. (1985). The interpersonal world of the infant: A view from psychoanalysis and developmental psychology. New York: Basic Books.
Sučylaitė, J. (2012). Transformative learning in language arts as a method of guidance and counseling. Journal of Literature and Art Studies, 2(7), 740-750.
Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2007). Using multivariate statistics (5th ed.). New York: Allyn and Bacon.
Tanaka, Y., & Osgood, С. E. (1965). Cross-culture, cross-concept and cross-subject generality of affective meaning systems. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 2, 143-153. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/h0022392
Tanaka, Y., Oyama, Т., & Osgood, С. E. (1963). A cross-culture and cross-concept study of the generality of semantic space. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 2, 392-405. doi:10.1016/S0022-5371(63)80040-7
Thass-Thienemann, T. (1973). The interpretation of language (2 Vols.). New York: Jason Aronson.
Van Gompel, R. P. G., & Liversedge, S. P. (2003). The influence of morphological information on cataphoric pronoun assignment. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 29(1), 128-139. doi:10.1037/0278-7393.29.1.128
XU, M. Y., SUI, X. D., & AN, X. H. (2014). The fragmentation of the female selfhood in The Flight From the Enchanter. Journal of Literature and Art Studies, 4(5), 325-337.
Badecker, W., & Straub, K. (2002). The processing role of structural constraints on interpretation of pronouns and anaphors. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 28(4), 748-769. doi:10.1037/0278-7393.28.4.748
Bakhtin, M. (1973). Problems of Dostoevsky’s poetics (2nd ed.). Ann Arbor, MI: Ardis. (Original work published 1929).
Bentler, P. M. (1990). Comparative fit indexes in structural models. Psychological Bulletin, 107(2), 238-246. doi:10.1037//0033-2909.107.2.238
Brunyé, T. T., Ditman, T., Giles, G. E., Holmes, A., & Taylor, H. A. (2016, February 18). Mentally simulating narrative perspective is not universal or necessary for language comprehension. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition. Advance online publication. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/xlm0000250
Bynner, J., & Coxhead, P. (1979). Some problems in the analysis of semantic differential data. Human Relations, 32(5), 367-385. doi:10.1177/001872677903200502
Carey, A. L., Brucks, M. S., Küfner, A. C. P., Holtzman, N. S., große Deters, F., Back, M. D., … Mehl, M. R. (2015). Narcissism and the use of personal pronouns revisited. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 109(3), e1-e15. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/pspp0000029
Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power for the social sciences. Hillsdale, NJ: Laurence Erlbaum and Associates.
Davies, J., & Stacey, B. (1972). Teenagers and alcohol. London: HMSO.
Dorfman, L. Y. (2004). Self-concept: Differentiation and integration. In L. Dorfman (Ed.), Integral individuality, self-concept, and personality (pp. 96-123). Moscow: Smysl. (In Russian).
Dorfman, L. Y., & Goldberg, I. M. (2000a). Semantic universals and codes of the plural self. In D. A. Leontiev (Ed.), Psychology of subjective semantics in fundamental and applied studies (pp. 9-11). Moscow: Smysl. (In Russian).
Dorfman, L. Y., & Goldberg, I. M. (2000b). Discrimination of subselves on semantic estimations of pronouns. In D. A. Leontiev (Ed.), Psychology of subjective semantics in fundamental and applied studies (pp. 40-45). Moscow: Smysl. (In Russian).
Dorfman, L., & Ogorodnikova, A. (2007). Plural self, plural achievement motives, and creative thinking. In С. M. Dorfman and V. Petrov (Eds.), Aesthetics and innovation (pp. 125-160). Cambridge: Cambridge Scholars Press.
Erceg-Hurn, D. M., & Mirosevich, V. M. (2008). Modern robust statistical methods: An easy way to maximize the accuracy and power of your research. American Psychologist, 63(7), 591-601. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.63.7.591
Fitzsimons, G. M., & Kay, A. C. (2004). Language and interpersonal cognition: Causal effects of variations in pronoun usage on perceptions of closeness. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 30(5), 547-557. doi:10.1177/0146167203262852
Heise, D. R. (1969). Some methodological issues in semantic differential research. Psychological Bulletin, 7, 406-422. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/h0028448
Heise, D. R. (2010). Surveying cultures. Discovering shared conceptions and sentiments. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
Hermans, H. J. M. (1996). Voicing the self: From information processing to dialogical interchange. Psychological Bulletin, 119(1), 31-50. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.119.1.31
Hermans, H. J. M., Kempen, H. J. G., & Van Loon, R. J. P. (1992). The dialogical self: Beyond individualism and rationalism. American Psychologist, 47, 23-33. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.47.1.23
Hu, L. T., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling, 6, 1-55. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10705519909540118
James, W. (1981). The principles of psychology (Vol. 2). Cambridge: Harvard University Press. (Original work published 1890).
Kline, R. B. (2011). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling (3rd ed.). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
Komorita, S. S., & Bass, A. R. (1967). Attitude differentiation and evaluative scales of the semantic differential. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 6, 241-244. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/h0024656
Kubiniec, C. M., & Farr, S. D. (1971). Concept-scale and concept-component in interaction in the semantic differential. Psychological Reports, 28, 531-541. doi:10.2466/pr0.1971.28.2.531
Kuusinen, J. (1969). Affective and denotative structures of personality ratings. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 12, 181-188. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/h0027713
Livant, W. P. (1963). A comparison of noun and verb forms on the semantic differential. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 1, 357-360. doi:10.1016/S0022-5371(63)80017-1
Love, J., & McKoon, G. (2011). Rules of engagement: Incomplete and complete pronoun resolution. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 37(4), 874-887. doi:10.1037/a0022932
MA, W. Y., & LIU, X. (2016). Understanding lecturers’ well-being from the aspects of self-determination theory. Journal of Literature and Art Studies, 6(2), 203-208. doi:10.17265/2159-5836/2016.02.009.
Makarova, V. (2012). The linguistic means of representing women in the Doukhobor Russian psalms. Journal of Literature and Art Studies, 2(8), 814-833.
Mann, I. T., Phillips, J. L., & Thompson, E. G. (1979). An examination of methodological issues relevant to the use and interpretation of the semantic differential. Applied Psychological Measurement, 3(2), 213-229. doi:10.1177/014662167900300211
Mayerberg, C. K., & Bean, A. G. (1978). Two types of factors in the analysis of semantic differential attitude data. Applied Psychological Measurement, 2(4), 469-480. doi:10.1177/014662167800200401
McGregor, S. A. (2010). The analysis of personality through language: Narcissism predicts use of shame-related words in narratives (Unpublished honor’s thesis, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI).
Meissner, W. W. (2008). The role of language in the development of the self III: The significance of pronouns. Psychoanalytic Psychology, 25(2), 242-256. doi:10.1037/0736-9735.25.2.242
Miron, M. S. (1969). What is it that is being differentiated by the semantic differential? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 12, 189-193. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/h0027714
Miron, M. S., & Osgood, C. E. (1966). Language behavior: The multivariate structure of qualification. In R. B. Cattell (Ed.), Handbook of multivariate experimental psychology. Chicago: Rand McNally.
Nordenstreng, K. (1970). Changes in the meaning of semantic differential scales: Measurement of subject-scale interaction effects. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 1(3), 217-237. doi:10.1177/135910457000100302
Osgood, C. E. (1966). Dimensionality of the semantic space for communication via facial expressions. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 7, 1-30.
Osgood, C. E. (1969). On the whys and wherefores of E, P, and A. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 12, 194-199. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/h0027715
Osgood, C. E., May, W. H., & Miron, M. S. (1975). Cross-cultural universals of affective meaning. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.
Osgood, C. E..Suci, G. J., & Tannenbaum, P. H. (1957). The measurement of meaning. Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press.
Osgood, C. E. (1980). A history of psychology in autobiography (Vol. VII, pp. 335-393). G. Lindzey (Ed.). San Francisco, CA, US: W H Freeman & Co. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/11346-009
Piotrowski, C. (1983). Factor structure on the semantic differential as a function of method of analysis. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 43(1), 183-288. doi:10.1177/001316448304300138
Rosnow, R. L. (2000). Semantic differential. Encyclopedia of Psychology, 7, 224-225. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/10522-099
Schermelleh-Engel, K., Moosbrugger, H., & Műller, H. (2003). Evaluating the fit of structural equation models: Tests of significance and descriptive goodness-of-fit measures. Methods of Psychological Research, 8, 23-74.
Schröder, T. (2011). A model of language-based impression formation and attribution among Germans. Journal of Language and Social Psychology, 30(1), 82-102. doi:10.1177/0261927X10387103
Shaw, D. R. (1955). Variation in inter-scale correlation on the semantic differential as a function of the concept judged (MS Thesis, University of Illinois at Urbana).
Shepard, L. (1979). Self-acceptance: The evaluative component of the self-concept construct. American Educational Research Journal, 16(2), 139-160. doi:10.3102/00028312016002139
Stern, D. N. (1985). The interpersonal world of the infant: A view from psychoanalysis and developmental psychology. New York: Basic Books.
Sučylaitė, J. (2012). Transformative learning in language arts as a method of guidance and counseling. Journal of Literature and Art Studies, 2(7), 740-750.
Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2007). Using multivariate statistics (5th ed.). New York: Allyn and Bacon.
Tanaka, Y., & Osgood, С. E. (1965). Cross-culture, cross-concept and cross-subject generality of affective meaning systems. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 2, 143-153. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/h0022392
Tanaka, Y., Oyama, Т., & Osgood, С. E. (1963). A cross-culture and cross-concept study of the generality of semantic space. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 2, 392-405. doi:10.1016/S0022-5371(63)80040-7
Thass-Thienemann, T. (1973). The interpretation of language (2 Vols.). New York: Jason Aronson.
Van Gompel, R. P. G., & Liversedge, S. P. (2003). The influence of morphological information on cataphoric pronoun assignment. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 29(1), 128-139. doi:10.1037/0278-7393.29.1.128
XU, M. Y., SUI, X. D., & AN, X. H. (2014). The fragmentation of the female selfhood in The Flight From the Enchanter. Journal of Literature and Art Studies, 4(5), 325-337.