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Article
Shamanism Influence in Inuit Art-Dorset Period
Author(s)
Bogliolo Bruna Giulia
Full-Text PDF
XML 1032 Views
DOI:10.17265/2159-5836/2015.04.005
Affiliation(s)
Centre d’Etudes Arctiques, Paris, France; Centro Studi Americanistici “Circolo Amerindiano” Perugia, Italy
ABSTRACT
Native Inuit developed a complex system of shamanic-oriented thinking. They filled the frozen immensities of the Arctic with a number of omnipresent ghosts and spirits. In its shamanic-religious dimension, the Dorset art (circa 1000 B.C. to circa 1000 A.D.), stemming from a culture moulded by shamanic practices and burial rites, kept memory of the Times of Origins, shaped a very rich symbolic universe, suggested, and outsourced the secret correspondences between the micro and macro cosmos. The present paper investigates the thigh correspondence and relationship between the Inuit-Dorset shamanic view of the world and their miniaturized art.
KEYWORDS
Arctic, Inuit, Dorset, Sananguaq, shamanism, art
Cite this paper
References
Barou, J. P. ( 2002). L’œil pense. Essai sur les arts primitifs contemporains (The thinking-eye. Essay on contemporary native art). Paris: Payot.
Berlo, J., & Philips, R. (2006). Native north American art. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Birket-Smith, K. (1945). Ethnographical collections from the northwest passage (Report of the fifth thule expedition, 1921-1924). Copenhagen: Gyldendal.
Birket-Smith, K. (1955). Mœurs et coutumes des Esquimaux (Eskimos’ Usages and Practices). Payot: Paris.
Blodgett, J. (1979). The coming and going of the shaman: Eskimo Shamanism and art. Winnipeg: Winnipeg Art Gallery.
Blodgett, J. (2001). L’art des Inuit du Canada. In J.Malaurie (Dir.), L’art du grand Nord (The Inuit art in Canada. In J.Malaurie (Dir.), Far-North art) (pp. 95-158). Paris: Citadelles & Mazenod.
Boas, F. (1888). The central Eskimo, 6th annual report of the bureau of ethnology to the secretary of the Smithsonian Institution. Washington and Lincoln: Smithsonian Institution-Bureau of Ethnology and University of Nebraska.
Bogliolo Bruna, G. (1992). Les premiers regards des Occidentaux sur les Inuit au XVIe siècle. In AAVV, Destins croisés, cinq siècles de rencontres avec les Amérindiens (The first rencounters of Westeners and Inuit at XVI Century. In AAVV, Crossed destinies, five centuries of rencounters with native Americans) (pp. 393-410). Paris: Albin Michel / Unesco.
Bogliolo Bruna, G. (1994a). Singularitez, testimonianza etnografica, allegoria: L’immagine degli Eschimesi nell’iconografia del Rinascimento. In S. Ballo-Alagna (Ed.), Esplorazioni geografiche e immagine del mondo nei secoli XV e XVI, Atti del Convegno (Singularity, etnographic evidence, allegory: The image of Eskimos in the iconography of the Renaissance. In S. Ballo-Alagna (Ed.), Proceedings of the Conference on Geigraphic discoveries and world image at XV and XVI centuries) (pp.255-267). Messina: Grafo Editore.
Bogliolo Bruna, G. (1994b). Dalla tradizione testuale all’immagine grafica: L’inquietante tupinambá, la bella floridienne et la morigerata eschimese: L’alterità al femminile, ovvero lo “choc” esotico, sensuale e simbolico della scoperta nella letteratura odeporica del XVI secolo. In C.Claudio (Dir.), Genova, Colombo, il mare e l’emigrazione italiana nelle Americhe, Atti del XXVI Congresso Geografico Italiano (From the verbatim tradition to the graphical image: the worrying tupinamba, the beautiful floridian, the sober eskimo. The female alterity, i.e. the exotic, sensual and symbolic impact of the discovery in travel-literature of the XVI century. In C. Cerreti (Dir.), Genoa, Columbus, the sea and the Italian emigration to America, Proceedings of the XXVI Italian Geographic Congress) (pp. 767-777). Roma: Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana Giovanni Treccani.
Bogliolo Bruna, G. (1999). Passer les frontières: Les Inuit du Labrador (fin du XVIéme–première moitié du XVIIIéme siècle. In R.-M.Loureiro, & S. Gruzinski (Coords.), Passar as fronteiras, II Collóquio Internacional sobre Mediadores Culturais ~ Séculos XV a XVIII (Crossing the borders: The Labrador Inuit (end XVI–first half of the XVIII century. In R.-M.Loureiro, & S. Gruzinski (Dir.), Crossing the borders, II International Conference on Cultural Mediators, XV–XVIII centuries) (pp. 81-110). Lagos: Centro de Estudos Gil Eanes.
Bogliolo Bruna, G. (2000). Du mythe à la réalité : L’image des Esquimaux dans la littérature de voyage XVI–XVIII siècles (From the myth to the reality: Image of Eskimos in the travel-literature of XVI–XVIII centuries). In Proceedings of the 19th Congress of Historical Sciences, Commemorative volume. Oslo: Commission of History of International Relations.
Bogliolo Bruna, G. (2002). Explorer las cartes, les textes et les images: En quête de pygmées arctiques et d’homme-poissons. Prolégomènes à la première rencontre. In J. Malaurie (Dir.), De la vérité en ethnologie, Séminaire de Jean Malaurie 2000-2001 (Exploring the maps, the text and the images: Seeking for arctic pigmes and fish-men. Prolegomena to the firts rencounter. In J. Malaurie (Dir). About the trouth in ethnology. Seminars of Jean Malaurie 2000 – 2001) (pp. 79-96). Paris: Economica, ‘Coll. Polaires’.
Bogliolo Bruna, G. (2002). Mestizaje de técnicas practicas y conocimientos en los inuit del Gran Norte de Canada y de Groenlandia (siglos XVI- XIX). In E. F. Paiva, & C. M. Junho Anastasia (Orgs.), O trabalho mestiço. Maneiras de Pensar e Formas de Viver Séculos XVI a XIX 09-227 (North-Greenland Inuit’s mestizo techniques, practices and knowledge (XVI–XIX centuries). In E. F. Paiva, & C. M. Junho Anastasia (Orgs.), The mestizo work. Thinking and living at XVI–XIX centuries) (pp.209-228). São Paulo: Annablume editora.
Bogliolo Bruna, G. (2006). Planète métisse: Entretien avec Serge Gruzinski. In G. Bogliolo Bruna (Dir.), Thule, rivista di studi americanistici (Mestizo planet: Interview with Serge Gruzinski. In G. Bogliolo Bruna (Dir.), Thule, review of American studies) (pp. 247-253). Perugia: Centro studi Americanistici, “Circolo amerindiano”.
Bogliolo Bruna, G. (2006). Quand la pensée chamanique se matérialise en objet : Pérennité et métamorphoses de l’art inuit (Arctique canadien et Groenland de la préhistoire à la moitié du XXéme siècle. In G. Bogliolo Bruna. (Dir.), Thule, rivista di studi americanistici (When the shamanic thinking materializes into objects: Perennity and matamorphosis in Inuit art (Canadian arctic & Greenland, from the prehistory to the second half of XX century). In G. Bogliolo Bruna (Dir.), Thule, review of American studies) (pp. 247-253). Perugia: Centro studi Americanistici, “Circolo amerindiano”.
Bogliolo Bruna, G. (2007). Apparences trompeuses: Sananguaq: Au cœur de la pensée Inuit (Treacherous appearances: Sananguaq: At the hearth of the Inuit thinking). Montigny-le-Bretonneux: Yvelinédition.
Bogliolo Bruna, G. (2012). Jean Malaurie, une énergie créatrice (Jean Malaurie. A creative energy). Paris: Armand Colin.
Bogliolo Bruna, G. (2015). Les objets-messagers de l’art inuit (The messenger-objects of Inuit art). Paris: Harmattan / Institut Charles Cros, under press.
Brousseau, R. (2002). L’Art inuit au musée (Inuit art at the Museum). Québec: Musée d’Art Inuit Brousseau, Vieux-Québec.
Brousseau, R. (2003). Une culture millénaire. In Catalogue de l’exposition miniatures Inuit (A millenarian culture. In Catalog of the Inuit miniatures exhibition) (pp. 13-17). Montélimar: Musée de Montélimar.
Chevalier, J., & Gheerbrant, A. (1996). Dictionnaire des symboles (Dictionary of symbols). Paris: Robert Laffont.
Desveaux, E. (2002). Kodiak, Alaska, les masques de la collection Alphonse Pinart du château-musée de Boulogne-sur-Mer (Kodiak, Alaska, masks of the Alphonse Pinart’s Boulogne-sur-Mer Castle-Museum). Paris: Musée du Quai Branly et Adam Biro.
Eggede, H. (1763). Description et histoire naturelle du Groenland (Description and natural history of Greenland). Copenhague & Genève: Frères C. & A. Philibert.
Feest, C. (1992). Native arts of North America. New York: Thames and Hudson.
Geffroy-Schneiter, B. (2006). Arts premiers Indiens, Eskimos, Aborigènes (Native art: Indians, Eskimos, Aborigines). Paris: Editions Assouline.
Gell, A. (1998). Art and agency: An anthropological theory. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Gessain, R. (1947). Les Esquimaux du Groenland à l’Alaska (Eskimos from Greenland to Alaska). Paris: Ed. Bourrelier.
Gessain, R. (1950). Tupilek, à propos de figurines eskimo (Tupilek, about Eskimo small figures). Les Cahiers de Marottes et Violons d’Ingres, 8(juillet – août), 19-37.
Gessain, R. (1954). Figurine androgyne Eskimo (support de fusil sur le kayak) (Small androginous Eskimo figure (gun-stand on the kayak)). J. Sté. Améric, 22(XLIII), 207-217.
Gessain, R. (1959). L’art squelettique des Esquimo (Eskimo’s skeleton art). Journal de la Société des Américanistes, XLVIII, 237-244.
Graburn, N., & Stern, P. (1999). Ce qui est bien est beau. Un regard sur la beauté chez les Inuit du Canada (What is good is nice. Investigation on beauty at Canada Inuit). Terrain, 32(mars), 21-36.
Hessel, I., & Hessel, D. (1998). Inuit art: An introduction (An introduction to Inuit art). London: British Museum.
Kaalund, B. (2001). L’art du Groenland. In J. Malaurie (Dir.), L’art du grand Nord (pp. 159-224) (Greenlad art. In J.Malaurie (Dir.), Far-North Art ). Paris: Citadelles & Mazenod.
Kalm, P. (1977). Voyage de Pehr Kalm au Canada en 1749 (Travel of Pehr Kalm to Canada in 1749). Montréal: Pierre Tisseyre.
Lot-Falck, E. (1963). Régions Arctiques. In Collectif, L’art et les sociétés primitives à travers le monde (Arctic Regions. In Collective Book, Art and native societies in the world) (pp. 249-275). Paris: Hachette.
Malaurie, J. (1999). Hummoks I, Nord Grenland (Hummoks I, North-Greenland). Arctic Central Canadien.: Polon.
Malaurie, J. (2001). L’art du grand Nord (Far-North Art). Paris: Citadelles & Mazenod.
Malaurie, J. (2002). De la vérité en ethnologie, Séminaire de Jean Malaurie 2000-2001 (About the trouth in ethnology. Seminars of Jean Malaurie 2000–2001). Paris: Economica, ‘Coll. Polaires’.
Malaurie, J. (2003a). Hummoks 2: Alaska, avec les chasseurs de baleine, mer de Béring (Hummoks 2: Alaska, with wale hunters, Bering Sea). Paris: Pocket Plon ‘Terre Humaine Poche’.
Malaurie, J. (2003b). L’Allée des Baleines (The Wales Avenue). Paris: Fayard Ed. Mille et Une Nuits.
Mandel, G. (2002). Les arts premiers Afrique noire, Australie, et Océanie, Amérique du Nord (Native art of Black Africa, Australia & Oceania, North America). (E.Schelstraete, Trans.). Paris: É. Éditions Solar.
Martin, C.A., & Clermont N. (1980). Les Inuit du Québec-Labrador méridional (The Inuit of Southern Québec-Labradorl) . Etudes Inuit Studies 4(1-2).
McGhee, R. & Sutherlant, P. (2008). L’art du peuple du Dorset. In Upside down (Dorset people’s art. In Upside down) (pp. 42-75). Paris: Musée du Quai Branly.
McGhee, R. (1989). Le Canada au temps des envahisseurs (Canada at time of invaders). (B.Chabert, Trans.) Montréal: Éd. Libre Expression – Musée Canadien des Civilisations.
Morison, S. E. (1971). The European discovery of America: The northern voyages. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Quppersimaan, G. (1992). Mon passé Eskimo (My Eskimo past). (C.Enel, Trans.). Paris: Gallimard “L’aube des peuples”.
Rasmussen, K. (1994). Du Groenland au Pacifique, deux ans d’intimité avec des tribus d’esquimaux inconnus (From Greenland to the Pacific. Two-year intimacy with unknown Eskimos) (C. Lund & J. Bernard, Trans.) Paris: Éditions du Comité des travaux historiques et scientifiques.
Swinton, G. (1999). Sculpture of the Inuit (Inuit sculpture). Toronto: McClelland Stewart Inc.-The Canadian Publishers.
Thalbitzer, W. (1930). Les magiciens esquimaux, leurs conceptions du monde, de l’âme et de la vie (Eskimo magicians, their vision of the world, of the soul, of the life) J. Sté Améric, 22, 73-106.
Victor, P.-É. (1988). Eskimo. Paris: Stock.
Victor, P.-É., & Robert-Lamblin, J. (1993). La civilisation du phoque. Légendes, rites et croyances des Eskimo d’Ammassalik (The seal civilization. Legends, rites and believes of Ammassalik Eskimos). Bayonne: Ed. Raymond Chabaud.
Berlo, J., & Philips, R. (2006). Native north American art. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Birket-Smith, K. (1945). Ethnographical collections from the northwest passage (Report of the fifth thule expedition, 1921-1924). Copenhagen: Gyldendal.
Birket-Smith, K. (1955). Mœurs et coutumes des Esquimaux (Eskimos’ Usages and Practices). Payot: Paris.
Blodgett, J. (1979). The coming and going of the shaman: Eskimo Shamanism and art. Winnipeg: Winnipeg Art Gallery.
Blodgett, J. (2001). L’art des Inuit du Canada. In J.Malaurie (Dir.), L’art du grand Nord (The Inuit art in Canada. In J.Malaurie (Dir.), Far-North art) (pp. 95-158). Paris: Citadelles & Mazenod.
Boas, F. (1888). The central Eskimo, 6th annual report of the bureau of ethnology to the secretary of the Smithsonian Institution. Washington and Lincoln: Smithsonian Institution-Bureau of Ethnology and University of Nebraska.
Bogliolo Bruna, G. (1992). Les premiers regards des Occidentaux sur les Inuit au XVIe siècle. In AAVV, Destins croisés, cinq siècles de rencontres avec les Amérindiens (The first rencounters of Westeners and Inuit at XVI Century. In AAVV, Crossed destinies, five centuries of rencounters with native Americans) (pp. 393-410). Paris: Albin Michel / Unesco.
Bogliolo Bruna, G. (1994a). Singularitez, testimonianza etnografica, allegoria: L’immagine degli Eschimesi nell’iconografia del Rinascimento. In S. Ballo-Alagna (Ed.), Esplorazioni geografiche e immagine del mondo nei secoli XV e XVI, Atti del Convegno (Singularity, etnographic evidence, allegory: The image of Eskimos in the iconography of the Renaissance. In S. Ballo-Alagna (Ed.), Proceedings of the Conference on Geigraphic discoveries and world image at XV and XVI centuries) (pp.255-267). Messina: Grafo Editore.
Bogliolo Bruna, G. (1994b). Dalla tradizione testuale all’immagine grafica: L’inquietante tupinambá, la bella floridienne et la morigerata eschimese: L’alterità al femminile, ovvero lo “choc” esotico, sensuale e simbolico della scoperta nella letteratura odeporica del XVI secolo. In C.Claudio (Dir.), Genova, Colombo, il mare e l’emigrazione italiana nelle Americhe, Atti del XXVI Congresso Geografico Italiano (From the verbatim tradition to the graphical image: the worrying tupinamba, the beautiful floridian, the sober eskimo. The female alterity, i.e. the exotic, sensual and symbolic impact of the discovery in travel-literature of the XVI century. In C. Cerreti (Dir.), Genoa, Columbus, the sea and the Italian emigration to America, Proceedings of the XXVI Italian Geographic Congress) (pp. 767-777). Roma: Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana Giovanni Treccani.
Bogliolo Bruna, G. (1999). Passer les frontières: Les Inuit du Labrador (fin du XVIéme–première moitié du XVIIIéme siècle. In R.-M.Loureiro, & S. Gruzinski (Coords.), Passar as fronteiras, II Collóquio Internacional sobre Mediadores Culturais ~ Séculos XV a XVIII (Crossing the borders: The Labrador Inuit (end XVI–first half of the XVIII century. In R.-M.Loureiro, & S. Gruzinski (Dir.), Crossing the borders, II International Conference on Cultural Mediators, XV–XVIII centuries) (pp. 81-110). Lagos: Centro de Estudos Gil Eanes.
Bogliolo Bruna, G. (2000). Du mythe à la réalité : L’image des Esquimaux dans la littérature de voyage XVI–XVIII siècles (From the myth to the reality: Image of Eskimos in the travel-literature of XVI–XVIII centuries). In Proceedings of the 19th Congress of Historical Sciences, Commemorative volume. Oslo: Commission of History of International Relations.
Bogliolo Bruna, G. (2002). Explorer las cartes, les textes et les images: En quête de pygmées arctiques et d’homme-poissons. Prolégomènes à la première rencontre. In J. Malaurie (Dir.), De la vérité en ethnologie, Séminaire de Jean Malaurie 2000-2001 (Exploring the maps, the text and the images: Seeking for arctic pigmes and fish-men. Prolegomena to the firts rencounter. In J. Malaurie (Dir). About the trouth in ethnology. Seminars of Jean Malaurie 2000 – 2001) (pp. 79-96). Paris: Economica, ‘Coll. Polaires’.
Bogliolo Bruna, G. (2002). Mestizaje de técnicas practicas y conocimientos en los inuit del Gran Norte de Canada y de Groenlandia (siglos XVI- XIX). In E. F. Paiva, & C. M. Junho Anastasia (Orgs.), O trabalho mestiço. Maneiras de Pensar e Formas de Viver Séculos XVI a XIX 09-227 (North-Greenland Inuit’s mestizo techniques, practices and knowledge (XVI–XIX centuries). In E. F. Paiva, & C. M. Junho Anastasia (Orgs.), The mestizo work. Thinking and living at XVI–XIX centuries) (pp.209-228). São Paulo: Annablume editora.
Bogliolo Bruna, G. (2006). Planète métisse: Entretien avec Serge Gruzinski. In G. Bogliolo Bruna (Dir.), Thule, rivista di studi americanistici (Mestizo planet: Interview with Serge Gruzinski. In G. Bogliolo Bruna (Dir.), Thule, review of American studies) (pp. 247-253). Perugia: Centro studi Americanistici, “Circolo amerindiano”.
Bogliolo Bruna, G. (2006). Quand la pensée chamanique se matérialise en objet : Pérennité et métamorphoses de l’art inuit (Arctique canadien et Groenland de la préhistoire à la moitié du XXéme siècle. In G. Bogliolo Bruna. (Dir.), Thule, rivista di studi americanistici (When the shamanic thinking materializes into objects: Perennity and matamorphosis in Inuit art (Canadian arctic & Greenland, from the prehistory to the second half of XX century). In G. Bogliolo Bruna (Dir.), Thule, review of American studies) (pp. 247-253). Perugia: Centro studi Americanistici, “Circolo amerindiano”.
Bogliolo Bruna, G. (2007). Apparences trompeuses: Sananguaq: Au cœur de la pensée Inuit (Treacherous appearances: Sananguaq: At the hearth of the Inuit thinking). Montigny-le-Bretonneux: Yvelinédition.
Bogliolo Bruna, G. (2012). Jean Malaurie, une énergie créatrice (Jean Malaurie. A creative energy). Paris: Armand Colin.
Bogliolo Bruna, G. (2015). Les objets-messagers de l’art inuit (The messenger-objects of Inuit art). Paris: Harmattan / Institut Charles Cros, under press.
Brousseau, R. (2002). L’Art inuit au musée (Inuit art at the Museum). Québec: Musée d’Art Inuit Brousseau, Vieux-Québec.
Brousseau, R. (2003). Une culture millénaire. In Catalogue de l’exposition miniatures Inuit (A millenarian culture. In Catalog of the Inuit miniatures exhibition) (pp. 13-17). Montélimar: Musée de Montélimar.
Chevalier, J., & Gheerbrant, A. (1996). Dictionnaire des symboles (Dictionary of symbols). Paris: Robert Laffont.
Desveaux, E. (2002). Kodiak, Alaska, les masques de la collection Alphonse Pinart du château-musée de Boulogne-sur-Mer (Kodiak, Alaska, masks of the Alphonse Pinart’s Boulogne-sur-Mer Castle-Museum). Paris: Musée du Quai Branly et Adam Biro.
Eggede, H. (1763). Description et histoire naturelle du Groenland (Description and natural history of Greenland). Copenhague & Genève: Frères C. & A. Philibert.
Feest, C. (1992). Native arts of North America. New York: Thames and Hudson.
Geffroy-Schneiter, B. (2006). Arts premiers Indiens, Eskimos, Aborigènes (Native art: Indians, Eskimos, Aborigines). Paris: Editions Assouline.
Gell, A. (1998). Art and agency: An anthropological theory. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Gessain, R. (1947). Les Esquimaux du Groenland à l’Alaska (Eskimos from Greenland to Alaska). Paris: Ed. Bourrelier.
Gessain, R. (1950). Tupilek, à propos de figurines eskimo (Tupilek, about Eskimo small figures). Les Cahiers de Marottes et Violons d’Ingres, 8(juillet – août), 19-37.
Gessain, R. (1954). Figurine androgyne Eskimo (support de fusil sur le kayak) (Small androginous Eskimo figure (gun-stand on the kayak)). J. Sté. Améric, 22(XLIII), 207-217.
Gessain, R. (1959). L’art squelettique des Esquimo (Eskimo’s skeleton art). Journal de la Société des Américanistes, XLVIII, 237-244.
Graburn, N., & Stern, P. (1999). Ce qui est bien est beau. Un regard sur la beauté chez les Inuit du Canada (What is good is nice. Investigation on beauty at Canada Inuit). Terrain, 32(mars), 21-36.
Hessel, I., & Hessel, D. (1998). Inuit art: An introduction (An introduction to Inuit art). London: British Museum.
Kaalund, B. (2001). L’art du Groenland. In J. Malaurie (Dir.), L’art du grand Nord (pp. 159-224) (Greenlad art. In J.Malaurie (Dir.), Far-North Art ). Paris: Citadelles & Mazenod.
Kalm, P. (1977). Voyage de Pehr Kalm au Canada en 1749 (Travel of Pehr Kalm to Canada in 1749). Montréal: Pierre Tisseyre.
Lot-Falck, E. (1963). Régions Arctiques. In Collectif, L’art et les sociétés primitives à travers le monde (Arctic Regions. In Collective Book, Art and native societies in the world) (pp. 249-275). Paris: Hachette.
Malaurie, J. (1999). Hummoks I, Nord Grenland (Hummoks I, North-Greenland). Arctic Central Canadien.: Polon.
Malaurie, J. (2001). L’art du grand Nord (Far-North Art). Paris: Citadelles & Mazenod.
Malaurie, J. (2002). De la vérité en ethnologie, Séminaire de Jean Malaurie 2000-2001 (About the trouth in ethnology. Seminars of Jean Malaurie 2000–2001). Paris: Economica, ‘Coll. Polaires’.
Malaurie, J. (2003a). Hummoks 2: Alaska, avec les chasseurs de baleine, mer de Béring (Hummoks 2: Alaska, with wale hunters, Bering Sea). Paris: Pocket Plon ‘Terre Humaine Poche’.
Malaurie, J. (2003b). L’Allée des Baleines (The Wales Avenue). Paris: Fayard Ed. Mille et Une Nuits.
Mandel, G. (2002). Les arts premiers Afrique noire, Australie, et Océanie, Amérique du Nord (Native art of Black Africa, Australia & Oceania, North America). (E.Schelstraete, Trans.). Paris: É. Éditions Solar.
Martin, C.A., & Clermont N. (1980). Les Inuit du Québec-Labrador méridional (The Inuit of Southern Québec-Labradorl) . Etudes Inuit Studies 4(1-2).
McGhee, R. & Sutherlant, P. (2008). L’art du peuple du Dorset. In Upside down (Dorset people’s art. In Upside down) (pp. 42-75). Paris: Musée du Quai Branly.
McGhee, R. (1989). Le Canada au temps des envahisseurs (Canada at time of invaders). (B.Chabert, Trans.) Montréal: Éd. Libre Expression – Musée Canadien des Civilisations.
Morison, S. E. (1971). The European discovery of America: The northern voyages. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Quppersimaan, G. (1992). Mon passé Eskimo (My Eskimo past). (C.Enel, Trans.). Paris: Gallimard “L’aube des peuples”.
Rasmussen, K. (1994). Du Groenland au Pacifique, deux ans d’intimité avec des tribus d’esquimaux inconnus (From Greenland to the Pacific. Two-year intimacy with unknown Eskimos) (C. Lund & J. Bernard, Trans.) Paris: Éditions du Comité des travaux historiques et scientifiques.
Swinton, G. (1999). Sculpture of the Inuit (Inuit sculpture). Toronto: McClelland Stewart Inc.-The Canadian Publishers.
Thalbitzer, W. (1930). Les magiciens esquimaux, leurs conceptions du monde, de l’âme et de la vie (Eskimo magicians, their vision of the world, of the soul, of the life) J. Sté Améric, 22, 73-106.
Victor, P.-É. (1988). Eskimo. Paris: Stock.
Victor, P.-É., & Robert-Lamblin, J. (1993). La civilisation du phoque. Légendes, rites et croyances des Eskimo d’Ammassalik (The seal civilization. Legends, rites and believes of Ammassalik Eskimos). Bayonne: Ed. Raymond Chabaud.