 |
[email protected] |
 |
3275638434 |
 |
 |
| Paper Publishing WeChat |
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License
A Chronological Review of the Transition of the Gui-Yi Circuit Administration
CHEN Si-liang, JI Xiao-wen
Full-Text PDF
XML 44 Views
DOI:10.17265/2159-5836/2025.06.009
University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
Zhang Chengfeng governed the Gui-yi Circuit in the late ninth century. However, the circuit experienced a gradual decline by the early tenth century. Cao Yijin consolidated political power as his successor and brought about the stabilization and further development of the Gui-yi Circuit. Through a close analysis of historical sources, this article reconstructs the nearly twenty-five-year rule of Zhang by dividing it into three distinct phases: the restoration and personal rule period, the Golden Mountain Kingdom of Western Han period, and the Dunhuang Kingdom of Western Han. It then investigates the political strategies employed by Cao Yijin to consolidate power, including marriage alliances, diplomatic rapprochement with Central Plains dynasties, and the integration of local bureaucratic elites. Ultimately, these efforts enabled him to break free from the dominance of the Ganzhou Uyghur and to restore stability and prosperity in Guazhou and Shazhou.
The Gui-yi Circuit, historical analysis, political transition
Journal of Literature and Art Studies, June 2025, Vol. 15, No. 6, 502-508
Bao, J., & Zheng, B. (2015). On the founding time of the Golden Mountain Kingdom from the perspective of the mutual generation of the Five Virtues (从五德相生看金山国的立国时间). Social Science Front, (12).
Du, H. (2014). A study of the power branches of Cao Yijin (曹议金权力枝系考). Journal of Dunhuang Studies, (2).
Feng, P. (2013). The era of the Gui-yi Circuit in Dunhuang (敦煌的归义军时代). Lanzhou: Gansu Education Press.
Liu, W. (1997). A study on the Suo family of Dunhuang during the Tibet and the Gui-yi Circuit administration periods (吐蕃及归义军时期敦煌索氏家族研究). Journal of Dunhuang Studies, (2).
Liu, X. (1975). Old Book of Tang, Vol. 20: Zhaozong (后唐书，卷二十《昭宗纪》). Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company.
Lu, Q. (1999). A study of the relationship between the Golden Mountain Kingdom and the Ganzhou Uyghur (金山国与甘州回鹘关系考论). Journal of Dunhuang Studies, (1).
Ning, H. (2021). Entering Buddhism through secular images: Interpretation of transformation tableaux and donor portraits in Mogao Cave 98 (以俗入佛：敦煌第98窟经变图及供养人像释读). Oriental Collections, (1).
Ning, K. (1995). Dunhuang manuscripts in the British Library (Non-Buddhist Chinese Texts), Vol. 14 (英藏敦煌文献（汉文佛经以外部份）第十四卷). Chengdu: Sichuan People’s Publishing House.
Ouyang, X. (2013). New history of the Five Dynasties, Vol. 74: Appendix on the Four Barbarians III (新五代史，卷七十四《四夷附录第三》). Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company.
Qian, B. (1987). Issues concerning the early history of the Gui-yi Circuit: A study of the epitaph of Lady Zhang of Nanyang (有关归义军前期历史的几个问题——《周故南阳郡娘子张氏墓志铭并序》研究). Journal of Dunhuang Studies, (1).
Rong, X. (1989). A brief study on the ruling history of the Li family of the Gui-yi Circuit administration in the late Tang (晚唐归义军李氏家族执政史探微). Documents, (3).
Rong, X. (1991). A brief analysis of Cao Yijin’s campaign against the Ganzhou Uyghur (曹议金征甘州回鹘史事表微). Dunhuang Research, (2).
Rong, X. (1993). Several issues concerning Cao Yijin, the first Jiedushi of the Gui-yi Circuit (关于曹氏归义军首任节度使的几个问题). Dunhuang Research, (2).
Rong, X. (1996). Studies on the history of the Gui-yi Circuit: Inquiries into the history of Dunhuang in the Tanga and Song period (归义军史研究——唐宋时代敦煌历史考索). Shanghai: Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House.
Rong, X. (2001). On the theory that the rulers of the Cao family of the Gui-yi Circuit administration in Dunhuang were of Sogdian descent (敦煌归义军曹氏统治者为粟特后裔说). Historical Research, (1).
Rong, X. (2015). Studies on the history of the Gui-yi Circuit: An investigation of Dunhuang in the Tang and Song period (归义军史研究——唐宋时代敦煌历史考察). Shanghai: Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House.
Rong, X., & Zhu, L. (2014). From tribute to private trade: The eastward flow of Khotanese jade to Dunhuang and the Central Plains in the 10th-11th centuries (从进贡到私易：10-11世纪于阗玉的东渐敦煌与中原). Dunhuang Research, (3).
Shao, Y. (2012). Huang Ji Jing Shi, Vol. 6 (Lower): Guanwu Chapter 34 (皇极经世书，卷六下《观物篇三十四》). Beijing: Jiuzhou Press.
Tang, G. (1987). The process of Cao Rengui’s rule over the Gui-yi Circuit of Shazhou (曹仁贵节度沙州归义军始末). Dunhuang Research, (2).
Wang, Q. (2003). Prime Tortoise of the Record Bureau, Vol. 170: Emperors: Relations with Distant Lands; Vol. 980: Foreign Ministers: Diplomacy (册府元龟，卷一七〇《帝王部·来远》、卷九八〇《外臣部·通好》). Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company.
Yan, T. (1989). A new annotated edition and preface of The Song of the White Sparrow (《白雀歌》新校并序). Journal of Dunhuang Studies, (2).
Yan, T. (1994). A new annotated edition and preface of Song of Longquan Divine Sword (《龙泉神剑歌》新校并序). Journal of Dunhuang Studies, (4).
Yan, T. (1994). A written explanation from ten thousand people of Shazhou to the Khagan of the Uyghurs (《沙州百姓一万人上回鹘天可汗状》新校并序). Journal of Lanzhou Teachers College, (1).
Yan, T. (2009). A study of literature in the Golden Mountain Kingdom of Western Han of Dunhuang (敦煌西汉金山国文学考述). Lanzhou: Gansu People’s Publishing House.
Yang, X. (1999). The history of the Golden Mountain Kingdom of Western Han of Dunhuang (敦煌西汉金山国史). Lanzhou: Gansu People’s Publishing House.
Zhang, J. (2009). A further study on the dating of donor portraits in the corridor of Mogao Cave 9 (敦煌莫高窟第9窟甬道供养人画像年代再探). Lanzhou Academic Journal, (11).
Zheng, Y., & Zheng, B. (2014). Evolution of the genre of merit-recording inscriptions during the Cao’s rule of the Gui-yi Circuit in Dunhuang (敦煌曹氏归义军时期修功德记文体的演变). Journal of Dunhuang Studies, (1).