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Dispersion of the Bacterium Xylella fastidiosa in Portugal
Carla Carvalho-Luis1, José Manuel Rodrigues2 and Luís M. Martins3
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DOI:10.17265/2161-6256/2022.01.005
1. DVPF-Norte, Institute for Nature Conservationand Forests, I.P., Vila Real 5000, Portugal
2. Department of Forest Management and Valorisation, Institute for Nature Conservation and Forests, I.P., 1069, Lisboa, Portugal
3. Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real 5000-801, Portugal
After the first detection of the gram-negative bacterium, Xylella fastidiosa multiplex in Portugal, in January 2019, a “Demarcated Area” was delimited and an “Action Plan” to control the pathogen has been developed. It is considered one of the greatest threats to plant health worldwide and leads to loss of forests vitality and productivity. The current study was developed till June 2020, with the objective to understand the dimension of the issue worldwide and in Portugal, analyzing the state-of-the-art on the biology, dispersion, symptoms, control and risks associated with this bacterium (Research Phase). In the Prospecting Phase, we collected 5 branches with 5-8 leaves, from the four quadrants of the tree, wrapping and labeling them—so 2,261 samples were collected and sent to the laboratory for analysis. It was possible to determine that the two initial outbreaks were not an isolated case, as 107 additional outbreaks were detected in other places, revealing a much more worrying panorama, requiring further analysis on the real impact of this bacterial strain on the natural environment. By the end of this study the demarcated area covered about 62,000 ha. The most affected species was lavender with 30% of positive outbreaks, followed by gorse with 22%, and rosemary with 11%. Spread of Phillaenus spumarius and X. fastidiosa indicates that insect vector and transport links appear to be dispersal facilitators together with Douro River. As eradication is unfeasible to achieve in the coming years, containment will be the most appropriate strategy.
Phytopathogen, forest plant health, xylem-limited bacteria, Xylella fastidiosa, multiplex, biotic stressors, Demarcated Area.
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