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Article
Formation and Evolution of Stars
Author(s)
Cuixiang Zhong
Full-Text PDF XML 788 Views
DOI:10.17265/2159-5348/2021.01.001
Affiliation(s)
Department of Physics, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, China
ABSTRACT
The evolution of stars is one of the most
important problems in astrophysics. However, the existing theories of stellar
evolution fail to reveal the real mechanism of star formation, and thus fail to
correctly reveal the mechanisms and laws of star growth, aging, death and resurrection.
Therefore, by studying the formation process of satellites, planets and stars,
the author can reveal the mechanisms and laws of star formation and evolution: as the star spins
rapidly and its planets go round and round, a series of cyclones can form all
over the star. These cyclones not only ignite thermonuclear reactions in the
star, but also continuously absorb hydrogen and other interstellar material in
space to maintain thermonuclear reactions in the star. But, with the increase of star mass, if the magnetic attraction of the
stellar cyclone grows large enough that the star engulfs the innermost planet scattering
cyclones through the magnetic attraction of the cyclone, the stellar mass will
increase significantly, the stellar atmosphere will thicken significantly, the
internal temperature of the star will increase greatly, and the huge energy
will be released, causing the star to suddenly expand and become a red giant. When
the red giant burns the swallowed planet, its internal temperature will gradually
decrease, and the helium fusion will stop. At this time, the central gravity of
the star cannot be balanced by the radiation pressure generated by the hydrogen
or helium fusion, and the inner star will contract. Until the central gravity
of the star is balanced by the degenerate pressure of the electrons in the
center of the star, the contraction will stop, forming a white dwarf or black
dwarf. When a star evolves into a white dwarf or a black dwarf, its mass
increases significantly and its atmosphere thickens significantly, but its
volume shrinks greatly and its rotation speed speeds up greatly, so its polar
cyclones strengthen greatly. During the rapid rotation of white or black
dwarfs, their polar cyclones can absorb a large amount of cloud gas from the
dense atmosphere and compress the cloud gas into huge metal hydrogen crystals.
When such a huge metal hydrogen crystal hits the surface of a star violently,
it will cause a violent explosion, re-ignite the thermonuclear reaction on the
star, and shine a very bright light, making the very dark or invisible star
suddenly become an extremely bright supernova. This high brightness of
supernovae can last for several weeks and years, until it consumes most of the
atmosphere accumulated by the star, and then gradually decays into
invisibility. It is not the funeral of a star that a supernova changes from
bright to dark. When the atmosphere of a star is thick enough again, a
supernova explosion may occur, but it will take a long time. Therefore, there will be countless supernova
explosions in the process of stellar evolution. When the mass of a white dwarf
exceeds 1.4 times the mass of the sun, it evolves into a neutron star. When the
mass of a neutron star exceeds three times the mass of the sun, a black hole is
formed.
KEYWORDS
Main sequence star, red giant, white dwarf, supernova, neutron star, black hole.
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