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Affiliation(s)

Department of Physics, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, China

ABSTRACT

The evolution of stars is one of the most important problems in astrophysics. However, the existing theories of stellar evolution fail to reveal the real mechanism of star formation, and thus fail to correctly reveal the mechanisms and laws of star growth, aging, death and resurrection. Therefore, by studying the formation process of satellites, planets and stars, the author can reveal the mechanisms and laws of star formation and evolution: as the star spins rapidly and its planets go round and round, a series of cyclones can form all over the star. These cyclones not only ignite thermonuclear reactions in the star, but also continuously absorb hydrogen and other interstellar material in space to maintain thermonuclear reactions in the star. But, with the increase of star mass, if the magnetic attraction of the stellar cyclone grows large enough that the star engulfs the innermost planet scattering cyclones through the magnetic attraction of the cyclone, the stellar mass will increase significantly, the stellar atmosphere will thicken significantly, the internal temperature of the star will increase greatly, and the huge energy will be released, causing the star to suddenly expand and become a red giant. When the red giant burns the swallowed planet, its internal temperature will gradually decrease, and the helium fusion will stop. At this time, the central gravity of the star cannot be balanced by the radiation pressure generated by the hydrogen or helium fusion, and the inner star will contract. Until the central gravity of the star is balanced by the degenerate pressure of the electrons in the center of the star, the contraction will stop, forming a white dwarf or black dwarf. When a star evolves into a white dwarf or a black dwarf, its mass increases significantly and its atmosphere thickens significantly, but its volume shrinks greatly and its rotation speed speeds up greatly, so its polar cyclones strengthen greatly. During the rapid rotation of white or black dwarfs, their polar cyclones can absorb a large amount of cloud gas from the dense atmosphere and compress the cloud gas into huge metal hydrogen crystals. When such a huge metal hydrogen crystal hits the surface of a star violently, it will cause a violent explosion, re-ignite the thermonuclear reaction on the star, and shine a very bright light, making the very dark or invisible star suddenly become an extremely bright supernova. This high brightness of supernovae can last for several weeks and years, until it consumes most of the atmosphere accumulated by the star, and then gradually decays into invisibility. It is not the funeral of a star that a supernova changes from bright to dark. When the atmosphere of a star is thick enough again, a supernova explosion may occur, but it will take a long time. Therefore, there will be countless supernova explosions in the process of stellar evolution. When the mass of a white dwarf exceeds 1.4 times the mass of the sun, it evolves into a neutron star. When the mass of a neutron star exceeds three times the mass of the sun, a black hole is formed.

KEYWORDS

Main sequence star, red giant, white dwarf, supernova, neutron star, black hole.

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