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Article
Author(s)
Gabriella Sandstig
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DOI:10.17265/2159-5836/2013.07.005
Affiliation(s)
University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
ABSTRACT
In this literature review on TPE (third-person effects) and the behavioral consequences on children, the research questions posed are how the body of knowledge has evolved since the first empirical evidence of TPE among children and what knowledge gaps that remain. The traceable developments are two: (1) Compared to the vast amount of articles on TPE in general, the 59 identified on the topic of children are few and two thirds actually focus on adolescents/young adults rather than children. The reason put forward for studying younger children is the urge to prevent risky behavior through media literacy programs or pro-social advertisements; and (2) The studies have not primarily addressed results to support occurrence of TPE among children. Rather they support parental TPE or among the adolescents that TPE and reverse TPE occur due to certain kind of media content. The discussion on knowledge gaps that remain follow three themes: (1) Differentiations between self and others are in psychological studies implied to occur among children between the ages of 3-4 years old, yet no study address how children develop TPE; (2) There is a tendency to follow the more general development within TPE research with the renewed interest in behavioral consequences. But the primary behavioral consequence studied in TPE in general and within studies of TPE and children is support for censorship. Few studies address “real” behavioral consequences like parental mediation; and (3) There is also a need for more theoretically coherent research on the importance of social distance.
KEYWORDS
third-person perception, TPE (third-person effects) hypothesis, TPE (third-person effects), children, social distance corollary
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References
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DeLorme, D. E., Huh, J., & Reid, L. N. (2006). Perceived effects of direct-to-consumer (DTC) prescription drug advertising on self and others—A third-person effect study of older consumers. Journal of Advertising, 35(3), 47-65.
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Gunther, A. C., Bolt, D., Borzekowski, D. L. G., Liebhart, J. L., & Dillard, J. P. (2006). Presumed influence on peer norms: How mass media indirectly affect adolescent smoking. Journal of Communication, 56(1), 52-68.
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Huck, I., Quiring, O., & Brosius, H. B. (2009). Perceptual phenomena in the agenda setting process. International Journal of Public Opinion Research, 21(2), 139-164.
Huh, J., & Langteau, R. (2007). Presumed influence of direct-to-consumer (DTC) prescription drug advertising on patients—The physician’s perspective. Journal of Advertising, 36(3), 151-172.
Huh, J., DeLorme, D. E., & Reid, L. (2006). Perceived third-person effects and consumer attitudes on preventing and banning DTC advertising. The Journal of Consumer Affairs, 40(1), 90-116.
Huh, J., DeLorme, D. E., & Reid, L. (2008). Operationalizing the second-person effects and its relationship to behavioural outcomes to direct-to-consumer advertising. American Behavioral Scientist, 52(2), 186-207.
Huh, J., Delorme, D. E., & Reid, L. N. (2004). The third-person effect and its influence on behavioral outcomes in a product advertising context: The case of direct-to-consumer prescription drug advertising. Communication Research, 31(5), 568-599.
Innis, J. M., & Zeitz, H. (1988). The public’s view of the impact of the mass media: A test of the “third person” effect. European Journal of Social Psychology, 18, 457-463.
Jeffres, L. W., Neuendorf, K., Brackena, C. C., & Atkin, D. (2008). Integrating theoretical traditions in media effects: Using third-person effects to link agenda-setting and cultivation. Mass Communication and Society, 11, 470-491.
Jensen, J. D., & Hurley, R. J. (2005). Third-person effects and the environment: Social distance, social desirability, and presumed behavior. Journal of Communication, 55(2), 242-256.
Johansson, B. (2005). The third-person effect. Only a media perception?. Nordicom Review, 26(1), 81-94.
Kidwell, M., & Zimmerman, D. (2006). “Observability” in the interactions of very young children. Communication Monographs, 73(1), 1-28.
Lambe, J. L., & McLeod, D. M. (2005). Understanding third-person perception processes: Predicting perceived impact on self and others for multiple expressive contexts. Journal of Communication, 55(2), 277-291.
Lewis, I., Watson, B., & White, K. M. (2008). An examination of message-relevant affect in road safety messages: Should road safety advertisements aim to make us feel good or bad?. Transportation Research Part F-traffic Psychology and Behaviour, 11(6), 403-417.
Lo, V. H., & Wei, R. (2002). Third-person effect, gender, and pornography on the Internet. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 46(1), 13-33.
Lo, V. H., & Wei, R. (2005). Perceptual differences in assessing the harm of patronizing adult entertainment clubs. International Journal of Public Opinion Research, 18(4), 475-487.
Lo, V. H., Wei, R., & Wu, H. M. (2010). Examining the first, second and third-person effects of Internet pornography on Taiwanese adolescents: Implications for the restriction of pornography. Asian Journal of Communication, 20(1), 90-103.
Mays, V. M., & Cochran, S. D. (1988). Issues in the perception of AIDS risk and risk reduction activities by Black and Hispanic/Latina Women. American Psychologyst, 43, 949-957.
McQuail, D. (2009). McQuail’s mass communication theory (5th ed.). London: Sage Publication.
Meirick, P. C., Sims, J. D., Gilchrist, E. S., & Croucher, S. M. (2009). All the children are above average: Parents’ perceptions of education and materialism as media effects on their own and other children. Mass Communication and Society, 12(2), 217-237.
Mutz, D. (1989). The influence of perceptions of media influence. International Journal of Public Opinion Research, 1(1), 3-24.
Mutz, D. (1994). Contextualizing personal experience: The role of mass media. American Journal of Political Science, 56, 689-714.
Nathanson, A. I., & Yang, M. S. (2003). The effects of mediation content and form on children’s responses to violent television. Human Communication Research, 29(1), 111-134.
Nathanson, A. I., Eveland, W. P., Park, H. S., & Paul, B. (2002). Perceived media influence and efficacy as predictors of caregivers’ protective behaviors. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 46(3), 385-410.
Paek, H. J., & Gunther, A. C. (2007). How peer proximity moderates indirect media influence on adolescent smoking. Communication Research, 34(4), 407-432.
Paek, H. J., Pan, Z. D., Sun, Y., Abisaid, J., & Houden, D. (2005). The third-person perception as social judgment—An exploration of social distance and uncertainty in perceived effects of political attack ads. Communication Research, 32(2), 143-170.
Park, S. Y., Yun, G. W., McSweeney, J. H., & Gunther, A. C. (2007). Do third-person perceptions of media influence contribute to pluralistic ignorance on the norm of ideal female thinness?. Sex Roles, 57(7-8), 569-578.
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Perloff, R. M. (2002). The third-person effect. In J. Bryant & D. Zillmann (Eds.), Media effects: Advances in theory and research. Mahwah, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
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Robinson, T., & Umphery, D. (2006). First- and third-person perceptions of images of older people in advertising: An inter-generational evaluation. International Journal of Aging & Human Development, 62(2), 159-173.
Roese, N. J., & Olson, J. M. (2007). Better, stronger, faster self-serving judgment, affect regulation, and the optimal vigilance hypothesis. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 2(2), 124-141.
Rojas, H., Dhavan, V. S., & Faber, R. J. (1996). For the good of others: Censorship and the third-person effect. International Journal of Public Opinion Research, 8, 163-186.
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