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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License
Article
Early Christian Iconography in Raphael’s Disputà
Author(s)
Bonnie L. Kutbay
Full-Text PDF
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DOI:10.17265/2159-5836/2019.02.014
Affiliation(s)
Mansfield University of Pennsylvania, Mansfield, PA, USA
ABSTRACT
The theme of Raphael’s Disputà del Sacramento (Disputation of the Holy Sacrament) has perplexed scholars over the years. Though the subject of theology has been mentioned, no one has shown in depth how the painting reflects theology or how the figures work together to present a unified theme on theology. Questions remain concerning the broader theological meaning of the Disputà. This study will reexamine the material and offer a deeper interpretation based on early Christian iconography and a study of figures from early Church history. From an early Christian point of view, it will be shown how the presence of specific figures in the Disputà explain the Eucharistic tradition through apostolic succession since the time of the early Church.
KEYWORDS
Raphael, Disputà, Eucharist, Eucharistic Adoration, apostolic succession
Cite this paper
References
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Ambrose. (c. 387 CE) Letter to Horontianus.
Armenio, P. V. (2006). The history of the church: A complete course (The Didache Series). Woodridge, Il.
Augustine (c. 390s CE). Exposition of the psalms.
Beck, J. H. (1993). Raphael: The Stanza Della Segnatura. New York: George Braziller.
Beckwith, J. (1979). Early Christian and Byzantine art. New Haven and London: Yale University Press.
Boorsch, S. (1982/83). The building of the vatican, the papacy and architecture. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, Bulletin Winter, 3, 1-67.
Catechism of the Catholic Church. (1995). New York: An Image Book, Doubleday.
Chrysostom, John. (Fourth century CE). Homilies on the Gospel of John.
Gombrich, E. H. (1972). Symbolic images, studies in the art of the renaissance. London: Phaidon.
Graber, A. (1968). Christian iconography, a study of its origins. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Gutman, H. B. (1941). The Medieval Content of Raphael’s “School of Athens.” Journal of the History of Ideas, 2(4), 420-429.
Gutman, H. B. (1942). Raphael’s Disputa. Franciscan Studies, 2(1), 35-48.
Hardon, Fr. J. A. (1997). The history of Eucharistic Adoration. Oak Lawn, Ill.: Marian Publishers.
Hersey, G. L. (1993). High renaissance art in St. Peter’s and the Vatican: An interpretive guide. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Holmes, M. W. (Ed.) (1999). The apostolic fathers. Grand Rapids, Michigan: Baker Books.
Ignatius. (95 CE). Letter to the Corinthians.
Ignatius. (c. 106 CE). Letter to the Romans.
Irenaeus. (180-199 CE). Against Heresies.
Jensen, R. M. (2000). Understanding early Christian art. London and New York: Routledge.
Joost-Gaugier, C. L. (2002). Raphael’s Stanza Della Segnatura: Meaning and invention. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press.
Josephus. The Antiquities of the Jews.
King, R. (2002). Michelangelo and the Pope’s ceiling. New York: Penguin Group.
Krautheimer, R. (2000). Rome, profile of a city, 312-1308. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Lehmann, K. (1945). The dome of heaven. The Art Bulletin, 27(1), 1-27.
L’Orange, H. P. (1982). Studies on the iconography of cosmic kingship in the ancient world. New Rochelle, New York: Caratzas Brothers.
Luibheid, C. (Trans.). (1987). Pseudo-Dionysius: The complete works. New York: Paulist Press.
Oberhuber, K. (1999). Raphael: The paintings. New York: Prestel.
Partner, P. (1976). Renaissance Rome, 1500-1559: A portrait of a society. Berkley: University of California Press.
Pfeiffer, H. (1975). Zur Iconographie von Raffaels Disputa. Rome:Università Gregoriana Editrice.
Pope-Hennessy, J. (1970). Raphael (The Wrightsman Lectures under the auspices of the New York University Institute of Fine Arts, IV). New York: New York University Press.
Reale, G. (1998). Raffaelo La “Disputa”: Una interpretazione filosofica e teológica dell’affresco con la prima presentazione analítica dei singoli personaggi e dei particolari simbolici e allegorici emblematici. Milan: Rusconi Libri.
Roberts, A., Donaldson, J., & Cleveland Coxe, A. (Eds.). (1885). Ante-Nicene Fathers (Vol. 1). (M. Dods & G. Reith, Trans.). Buffalo, NY: Christian Literature Publishing Co.
Rowland, I. D. (2005). The Vatican Stanze. In M. B. Hall (Ed.), The Cambridge Companion to Raphael (p. 99). Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press.
Singer, C. L. (1998). The renaissance in Rome. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
Taylor, P. (2009). Julius II and the Stanza Della Segnatura. Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes, 72, 103-141.
Temple, N. (2011). Renovatio Urbis: Architecture, urbanis and ceremony in the Rome of Julius II. New York: Routledge.
Tertullian, (200 CE). The Demurrer Against the Heretics.
Vasari, G. (1568). Le vite de’più eccellenti pittori, scultori ed architettori.
Walford, H. (Trans.). (1881). The letters of S. Ambrose, Bishop of Milan. London: James Parker and Co.
Wallace, W. E. (Ed.). (1995). Michelangelo, selected scholarship in English: The Sistine Chapel. New York: Garland Publishing.
Webb, M. (2010). The churches and catacombs of Early Christian Rome: A comprehensive guide. Eastbourne, Great Britain and Portland, Oregon: Sussex Academic Press.