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Article
E-morphology in Cameroon Social Media
Author(s)
CAMILLA ARUNDIE TABE
Full-Text PDF
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DOI:10.17265/1539-8080/2018.01.001
Affiliation(s)
University of Maroua, Cameroon
ABSTRACT
The aim of this paper is to examine how Cameroonians form words in social media (SM) contexts. The study explores the kind of morphological processes they adopt and the extent to which these word formation processes occur in the platforms under study (e-mail, Facebook, and Yahoo Messenger). Analysis of 230 informal e-mails and chats revealed that Cameroonians espouse and alter some of the English word formation mechanisms to suit the context of SM. The following morphological processes were found in the data: accent stylizations, clipping, borrowing, neologisms, clitics, onomatopoeia, substitution, abbreviations, compounding, conversion/inflection, reduplication, hybrid, blending, slang, and smileys. Facebook tops the lead in terms of the number and frequency of occurrence of the word formation processes, as all are found in it with some reaching 100% frequency.
KEYWORDS
e-morphology, social media, accent stylizations, clipping, borrowing, Facebook
Cite this paper
References
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Herring, S. C. (2002). Computer-mediated communication on the Internet. Annual Review of Information Science and Technology, 36, 109-168.
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Lee, C. K. M. (2007). Text-making practices beyond the classroom context: Private instant messaging in Hong Kong. Computers and Composition, 2(3). 285-301.
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Ronkin, M., & Helen, E. K. (1999). Mock Ebonics: Linguistic racism in parodies of Ebonics on the Internet. Journal of Sociolinguistics, 3(3), 360-380.
Schneider, E. W. (2008). Towards endonormativity? African English and the dynamic model of the evolution of postcolonial Englishes. In K. Harrow and K. Mpoche (Eds.), Language, literature and education in multicultural societies: Collaborative research on Africa (pp. 283-305). Newcastle: Cambridge Scholars Publishing.
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Simo Bobda, A., & Mbangwana, P. (2004). An introduction to English speech. Yaounde: B & K Language Institute.
Spolsky, B. (1998). Sociolinguistics. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
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Tabe, C. A. (2016). Language and humour in Cameroon social media. In R. Taiwo, A. Odebunmi, and A. Adetunji (Eds.), Analyzing language and humor in online communication (pp. 131-163). Hershey, PA: IGI Global. Retrieved from http://www.igi-global.com/viewtitle.aspx?TitleId=156882
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Anon. (n.d). A lexicon of New Orleans terminology and speech. The new orleans page/The gumbo pages. Retrieved 29 December, 2017 from http://gumbopages.com/yatspeak.html
Aslam, R. F. M., Ahmad, A., & Sajid, M. A. (2011). A study of orthographic features of instant messaging in Pakistan: An empirical study. Language in India, 11. Retrieved 31 May, 2012 from www.languageinindia.com
Atechi, S. (2011). Is Cameroon pidgin flourishing or dying? An attempt to reconcile conflicting reports on the functions and status of Cameroon pidgin English. English Today, 27(3), 30-34.
Atud, D., Ambam, G., & Ada, P. S. (2011). The influence of ICT on the written production of students in the English language: The case of lower and upper sixth students of Government Bilingual High School Maroua (Unpublished dissertation for a post-graduate diploma (DIPES II), ENS Maroua, The University of Maroua).
Baldwin, B. W. (1996). Conversations: Computer-mediated dialogue, multilogue and Learning (Dissertation, University of North Carolina).
Baron, N. S. (2002). Who sets e-mail style? Prescriptivism, coping strategies and democratising communication access. The Information Society, 18, 403-413.
Baron, N. S. (2003). Language of the Internet. In A. Farghali (Ed.), The Standford handbook for language engineers (pp. 59-127). Standford: CSLI Publications.
Barton, D., & Lee, C. (2013). Language online: Investigating digital texts and practices. London & New York: Routledge.
Behera, P., & Muzaffar, S. (2015). The social media and democratic discourse: A critical discourse analysis of the power of 49 video. Asian Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies, 3(2), 155-161. Retrieved 2 January, 2018 from www.ajms.co.in
Belisle, R. (1996). E-mail activities in the ESL writing class. The Internet TESL Journal, 2(12). Retrieved 30 October, 2007 from http://iteslj.org/
Berglund, T. Ö. (2009). Disrupted turn adjacency and coherence maintenance in instant messaging conversations. Language@Internet, 6. Retrieved 14 May, 2011 from http://www.languageatinternet.de/articles/2009/2106
Berman, I. (2006). Email-“inspired” changes in non-native legal discourse. Language@Internet, 3. Retrieved 12 October, 2009 from http://www.languageatinternetde/articles/2006/372/index_html/
Biloa, E. (2004). Loans from European languages in African languages: Intercultural relationships and necessity. Retrieved 15 August, 2012 from http://www.inst.at/trans/15Nr/07_1/biloa15.htm
Brock, A., & Seidel, B. (2002). Text types in computer-mediated communication—The case of discussion forums. In C. Todenhagen (Ed.), Text, text structure, text type. Festschrift for Wolfgang Thiele (pp. 13-28). Tübingen: Stauffenburg.
Crystal, D. (2005). The scope of Internet linguistics. Paper given online to the American association for the advancement of science, 18 February, 2005. Retrieved 4 July, 2011 from www.davidcrystal.com/DC_articles/Internet2.pdf
Crystal, D. (2006). Language and the Internet (2nd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Davis, B. H., & Brewer, J. (1997). Electronic discourse: Linguistic individuals in virtual space. New York, Albany: Suny Press.
Farina, F., & Lyddy, F. (2011). The language of text messaging: “Linguistic Ruin” or resource? The Irish Psychologist, 37(6), 144-149.
Ferrara, K., Brunner, H., & Whittemore, G. (1991). Interactive written discourse as an emergent register. Written Communication, 8, 18-32.
Feuba, W. E. (2009). The sociolinguistics of mobile phone SMS usage in Cameroon and Nigeria. The International Journal of Language, Society and Culture, 28, 25-40. Retrieved 2 September, 2013 from www.educ.utas.edu.au/users/tle/JOURNAL/
Goodman, S. (1996). Market forces speak English. In S. Goodman and D. Graddol (Eds.), Redesigning English: New texts, new identities (pp. 141- 180). London: The Open University Routledge.
Haas, C. (2011). Building and maintaining contexts in interactive networked writing: An examination of deixis and intertextuality in instant messaging. Journal of Business and Technical Communication, 25(3), 275-298.
Hale, C., & Scanlon, J. (1999). Wired style: Principles of English usage in the digital age. New York: Broadway Books.
Haspelmath, M., & Sims, A. D. (2010). Understanding morphology (2nd ed). London & New York: Routledge.
Hentschel, E. (1998). Communication on IRC. Linguistics Online, 1. Retrieved 8 March, 2007 from http://www.linguistik-online.de/irc.htm
Herring, S. C. (1993). Gender and democracy in computer-mediated communication. The Electronic Journal of Communication, 3(4). Retrieved 23 June, 2011 from http://cios.org/EJCPUBLIC/003/2/00328.HTML
Herring, S. C. (1994). Gender differences in computer-mediated communication: Bringing familiar baggage to the new frontier. Keynote talk at American Library Association Annual Convention, Miami, Florida. Retrieved 30 January, 2011 from http://www.cpsr.org/cpsr/gender/herring.txt
Herring, S. C. (1996). Gender and ethics in computer-mediated communication. In C. Ess (Ed.), Philosophical perspectives on computer-mediated communication (pp. 115-145). Albany, New York: SUNY Press.
Herring, S. C. (1999). Interactional coherence in CMC. Journal of Computer Mediated Communication, 4(4). Retrieved 12 June, 2011 from http://www.ascusc.org/jcmc/vol4/issue4/herring.html
Herring, S. C. (2002). Computer-mediated communication on the Internet. Annual Review of Information Science and Technology, 36, 109-168.
Herring, S. C. (2011). Grammar and electronic communication. In C. A. Chapelle (Ed.), Encyclopedia of applied linguistics. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley-Blackwell. Retrieved 16 June, 2012 from http://ella.slis.indiana.edu/~herring/e-grammar.2011.pdf
Internet World Stats Newsletter. (2017). Miniwatts marketing group. Retrieved 4 January, 2018 from http://internetworldstats.com/stats1.htm
Johnpaul, O. N., & Baba, D. D. (2016). The impact of netspeak abbreviations on effective communication among learners of English as a second language in Nigeria. Journal of the English Scholars Association of Nigeria (JESAN), 18(1), 36-43.
Kadir, Z. A., Maros, M., & Hamid, B. A. (2012). Linguistic features in the online discussion forums. International Journal of Social Science and Humanity, 2(3), 276-281.
KhosraviNik, M. (2018). Social media critical discourse studies (SM-CDS). In J. Flowerdew and J. E. Richardson (Eds.), The Routledge handbook of critical discourse studies (pp. 582-596). London & New York: Routledge.
Kouega, J. P., & Somb Lingom, J. P. (2013). Non-official languages in the spoken media in Cameroon. In J. P. Kouega and A. A. Ayuk (Eds.), Globalisation and the frontiers of ethics: Critical essays on language and literature (pp. 19-37). Yaounde: Les Grandes Editions.
LAN, L. (2000). E-mail a challenge to Standard English? English Today 64, 16(4), 23-29, 55.
Lee, C. K. M. (2007). Text-making practices beyond the classroom context: Private instant messaging in Hong Kong. Computers and Composition, 2(3). 285-301.
Lewis, M. P., Gary, F. S., & Charles, D. F. (Eds.). (2017). Ethnologue: Languages of the world (20th ed.). Dallas, Texas: SIL International. Retrieved 4 December, 2018 from http://www.ethnologue.com/ or http://www.ethnologue.com/country/CM
Lyddy, F., Farina, F., Hanney, J., Farrell, L., & O’Neil, N. K. (2014). An analysis of language in university students’ text messages. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 19, 546-561. Retrieved 2 January, 2018 from http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jcc4.12045/epdf
Muniandy, A. V. A. (2003). Electronic-discourse (e-discourse): Spoken, written or a new hybrid? Prospect, 17(3), 45-68. Retrieved 5 May, 2011 from http: //www.nce/tr.mq.edu.au/prospect/17/pros17_3 avam.asp
Nagel, P. S. (1999). E-mail in the virtual ESL/EFL classroom. The Internet TESL Journal, 5(7). Retrieved 8 February, 2006 from http://iteslj.org/
Nformi, L. K. (2013). Email English of students of the University of Yaounde I (Unpublished dissertation for a post-graduate diploma (DIPES II), ENS Yaounde, The University of Yaounde I).
Ngefac, A. (2010). Linguistic choices in postcolonial multilingual Cameroon. Nordic Journal of African Studies, 19(3), 149-164.
Nirban, V. S., Sangwan, D., & Rathore, S. (2011). Language alterations in Internet relay chat discourse. IRACST-International Journal of Research in Management and Technology (IJRMT), 1(2), 93-96.
O’Grady, W., & De Guzman, V. P. (1997). Morphology: The analysis of word structure. In W. O’Grady, M. Dobrovolsky, and F. Katamba (Eds.), Contemporary linguistics: An introduction (pp. 132-173). London: Longman.
Page, R., Barton, D., Unger, J. W., & Zappavigna, M. (2014). Researching language and social media: A student guide. London & New York: Routledge.
Paolillo, J. C. (1996). Language choice on soc.culture.punjab. In S. Herring (Ed.), Special issue on computer-mediated discourse analysis. The Electronic Journal of Communication, 6(3). Retrieved 12 August, 2007 from http://www.cios.org/www/ejcmain.html
Paolillo, J. C. (1999). The virtual speech community: Social network and language variation on IRC. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 4(4). Retrieved 12 August, 2007 from http://www.ascusc.org/jcmc/vol4/issue4/paolillo.html
Paolillo, J. C. (2001). Language variation on Internet Relay Chat: A social network approach. Journal of Sociolinguistics, 5, 180-213.
Péter, G. (1998). The IRC vernacular: A linguistic study of Internet Relay Chat (Thesis, incomplete version available online at http://gelleri.weebly.com/the-irc-vernacular.html).
Petryshyn, K. (2014). English loanwords in electronic media discourse in Ukraine (Master thesis presented to the Department of Literature, Area Studies and European Language, University of Oslo).
Posteguillo, S. (2002). Netlinguistics and English for Internet purposes. Ibérica, 4, 21-38. Retrieved 22 October, 2010 from www.aelfe.org/documents/text4-posteguillo.pdf
Renouf, A. (2007). Tracing lexical productivity and creativity in the British media: “The chavs and the chav-nots”. In J. Munat (Ed.), Lexical creativity, texts and contexts (pp. 61-89). Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Ronkin, M., & Helen, E. K. (1999). Mock Ebonics: Linguistic racism in parodies of Ebonics on the Internet. Journal of Sociolinguistics, 3(3), 360-380.
Schneider, E. W. (2008). Towards endonormativity? African English and the dynamic model of the evolution of postcolonial Englishes. In K. Harrow and K. Mpoche (Eds.), Language, literature and education in multicultural societies: Collaborative research on Africa (pp. 283-305). Newcastle: Cambridge Scholars Publishing.
Simo Bobda, A. (2001). Taming the madness of English. Modern English Teacher, 10(2), 11-17.
Simo Bobda, A., & Mbangwana, P. (2004). An introduction to English speech. Yaounde: B & K Language Institute.
Spolsky, B. (1998). Sociolinguistics. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Tabe, C. A. (2004). Electronic discourse: A comparative study of some Cameroonian and British e-mail messages (Unpublished DEA dissertation, The University of Yaounde 1).
Tabe, C. A. (2008). Orality and literacy in Cameroon e-mail discourse. In K. Harrow and K. Mpoche (Eds.), Language, literature and education in multicultural societies: Collaborative research on Africa (pp. 194-209). Newcastle: Cambridge Scholars Publishing. .
Tabe, C. A. (2011). A study of e-mail messages in Cameroon English (Unpublished Ph.D. thesis, The University of Yaounde I, Cameroon).
Tabe, C. A. (2012). Discourse features in Cameroon Internet Relay Chat (IRC). KALIAO, 4(8), 219-230.
Tabe, C. A. (2013a). The integration and use of ICT tools for English language instruction in Cameroon: Assessing challenges and evaluating benefits. Syllabus Review, Human & Social Sci. Ser. 4(1), 79-99. Retrieved 13 July, 2013 from http://www.ens.cm/spip.php?article652
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