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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License
Article
Author(s)
Marcella Romeo
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DOI:10.17265/2159-5836/2016.11.001
Affiliation(s)
University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
ABSTRACT
This essay focuses on the interaction between the publication of female travel writing about the South of Italy in non-feminist 19th century British periodicals, and the circulation of a transgressive model of femininity centred on the concepts of mobility, vitality and visibility. The choice of Southern Italy, an anti-tourist destination that since the era of the Grand Tour had been considered dangerous for men, let alone for women, magnifies female heroic attitudes and contaminates female conventional domestic purity enhancing the concept of an unfixed female identity. The publication of a travelogue, a mostly non-fictional genre, on an innovative and reactive medium, was a manifest act of transgression with respect to fixed social order, which gave visibility and credibility to a different model of femininity, an anti-Angel icon. A new form of narration displays adventurous women able to cross the private sphere and to write/publish authentic accounts of their transitional experience in a public, male-dominated sphere.
KEYWORDS
women travelogues, 19th century non-feminist periodicals, Southern Italy, visibility, mobility, anti-Angel icon
Cite this paper
References
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Mills, S. (1991). Discourses of difference: An analysis of women’s travel writing and colonialism. London: Routledge.
Ouditt, S. (2014). Impressions of Southern Italy. British travel writing from Henry Swinburne to Norman Douglas. London: Routledge.
Pemble, J. (1987). The Mediterranean passion. Victorians and Edwardians in the South. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Ricci, G. R. (Ed.). (2014). Travel, discovery, transformation. New Brunswick (USA): Transaction Publishers.
Said, E. W. (1995). Orientalism. London: Penguin.
Saunders, C. B. (Ed.). (2014). Women, travel writing, and truth. London: Routledge.
Selléi, N., & Waudby, J. (Eds). (2011). She’s leaving home. Women’s writing in English in a European context. Bern: Peter Lang.
Tait, W. (1832, April). A Tête a tête with Mr. Tait. Tait’s Edinburgh Magazine, pp. 9-16.
Walchester, K. (2007). “Our Own Italy”. Nineteenth century women’s travel writing and Italy. 1800-1844. Bern: Peter Lang.
Woolf, V. (1928). Virginia Woolf. On women and writing. Her essays, assessments and arguments. London: The Women’s Press Ltd.
Anonymous. (1827a, April 10). Letters from a lady from abroad. Sicily. The Kaleidoscope: Or, Literary and Scientific Mirror , 7(354), 325-326.
Anonymous. (1827b, April 17). Letters from a lady from abroad. Sicily. The Kaleidoscope: Or, Literary and Scientific Mirror, 7(355), 333-334.
Anonymous. (1827c, May 1). Letters from a lady from abroad. Sicily. The Kaleidoscope: Or, Literary and Scientific Mirror, 7(357), 349-350.
Anonymous. (1852, January). The lady traveller: Adventures of Madame Ida Pfeiffer. The Leisure Hour, 1, 69-73.
Arapoglou, E., Fodor, M., & Nyman, J. (Eds.). (2014). Mobile narratives. Travel, migration, and transculturation. London: Routledge.
Beetham, M. (1989). Open and closed: The periodical as a publishing genre. Victorian Periodicals Review, 22(3), 96-100.
Bijon, B., & Gâcon, G. (Eds.). (2009). In-between two worlds: Narratives by female explorers and travellers, 1850-1945. New York: Peter Lang.
Bohem, K. (Ed.). (2012). Bodies and things in the nineteenth-century literature and culture. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Borm, J. (2004). Defining travel: On the travel book, travel writing and terminology. In G. Hooper and T. Youngs (Eds.), Perspectives on travel writing (pp. 13-26). Aldershot: Ashgate.
Brake, L., & Demoor, M. (Eds.). (2011). Dictionary of nineteenth-century journalism. London: Academia Press and The British Library.
Brisson, U., & Schweizer, B. (Eds.). (2009). Not so innocent abroad: The politics of travel and travel writing. Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing.
Buzard, J. (1993). The beaten track: European tourism, literature, and the ways to culture, 1800-1918. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Clifford, J. (1997). Routes: Travel and translation in the late twentieth century. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.
Dickie, J. (1999). Darkest Italy. The nation and stereotypes of the Mezzogiorno, 1860-1900. London: Macmillan.
Don Vann, J., & VanArsdel, R. (Eds.). (1994). Victorian periodicals and Victorian society. Toronto: Scholar Press.
Douglas, M. (2000). Purity and danger. An analysis of the concepts of pollution and taboo. London: Routledge.
Doughan, D., & Sanchez, D. (Eds.). (1987). Feminist periodicals 1855-1984. An annotated critical bibliography of British, Irish, commonwealth and international titles. Brighton: The Harvester Press.
Fanon, F. (1990). The wretched of the earth. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books.
Fraser, H., Green, S., & Johnston, J. (Eds.). (2003). Gender and the Victorian periodical. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Gikandi, S. (1996). Maps of Englishness: Writing identity in the culture of colonialism. New York: Columbia University Press.
Gomez, T., & Gifford, T. (Eds.). (2013). Women in transit through literary liminal spaces. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
Grant, J. A. (1872). Zanzibar. A review. Blackwood’s Edinburgh Magazine, 111, 691-708.
Johnson, P. C. (2014). Frameworks of freedom and fear: Authorizing the voice in women’s travel writing. In G. R. Ricci (Ed.), Travel, discovery, transformation (pp. 101-122). New Brunswick: Transaction Publishers.
Hill, K. (Ed.). (2016). Britain and the narration of travel in the 19th century. Farnham: Ashgate.
Houghton, W. E. (Ed.). (1989). The Wellesley index to British periodicals 1824-1900. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
Kato, D. (2013). ‘I write the truth as I see it:’ Unsettling the boundaries of gender, travel writing and ethnography in Isabella Bird’s Unbeaten tracks in Japan. In T. Gomez and T. Gifford (Eds.), Women in transit through literary liminal spaces (pp. 77-90). Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
Kennard, N. H. (1876, April). Taormina. Temple Bar, 52, 539-546.
Keppel, S. (1893, January). Byeways in Sicily. The National Review, 20, 661-667.
Korte, B. (2012). Travel writing in The English Woman’s Journal (1858-1864): An area of leisure in the context of women’s work. Victorian Periodicals Review, 45(2), 158-174.
Kuehn, J., & Smethurst, P. (2009). Travel writing, form and empire. The poetics and politics of mobility. London: Routledge.
Ledbetter, K. (2009). British Victorian women’s periodicals. Beauty, civilization and poetry. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Le Mesurier, Miss E. A. (1897, October). Calabrian sketches. Temple Bar, 112, 275-288.
Levine, P. (1990). “The humanising influences of five o‘clock tea”: Victorian feminist periodicals. Victorian Periodicals Review, 33(2), 293-306.
Linton, L. E. (1884a, February). Bronte on Mount Etna. Temple Bar, 70, 229-241.
Linton, L. E. (1884b, June). The things of Palermo. To-Day, 1, 481-487.
Linton, L. E. (1884c, November). Some Sicilian customs. Temple Bar, 72, 393-404.
Melman, B. (1992). Women’s orients: English women and the Middle East, 1718-1918. London: Macmillan.
Mills, S. (1991). Discourses of difference: An analysis of women’s travel writing and colonialism. London: Routledge.
Ouditt, S. (2014). Impressions of Southern Italy. British travel writing from Henry Swinburne to Norman Douglas. London: Routledge.
Pemble, J. (1987). The Mediterranean passion. Victorians and Edwardians in the South. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Ricci, G. R. (Ed.). (2014). Travel, discovery, transformation. New Brunswick (USA): Transaction Publishers.
Said, E. W. (1995). Orientalism. London: Penguin.
Saunders, C. B. (Ed.). (2014). Women, travel writing, and truth. London: Routledge.
Selléi, N., & Waudby, J. (Eds). (2011). She’s leaving home. Women’s writing in English in a European context. Bern: Peter Lang.
Tait, W. (1832, April). A Tête a tête with Mr. Tait. Tait’s Edinburgh Magazine, pp. 9-16.
Walchester, K. (2007). “Our Own Italy”. Nineteenth century women’s travel writing and Italy. 1800-1844. Bern: Peter Lang.
Woolf, V. (1928). Virginia Woolf. On women and writing. Her essays, assessments and arguments. London: The Women’s Press Ltd.