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Article
Cinememory: Sexualized Trauma and Coming of Age in Holocaust-Related Israeli Films
Author(s)
Sandra Meiri
Full-Text PDF
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DOI:10.17265/2159-5836/2014.04.005
Affiliation(s)
The Open University of Israel, Raanana, Israel
ABSTRACT
Since 1978 Israeli Holocaust-related narrative films have associated the violence experienced during the Holocaust, including sexual violence, with the violence permeating Israeli society. In keeping with Marianne Hirsch’s notion of “postmemory”, this paper argues that cinema, as a visual form of artistic mediation, has an especially strong impact on the spectator, because it triggers affective, tactile, and bodily responses. Hence, the efficacy of generating an ethics of remembrance of sexually-related violence, based on cinematic aesthetics, which the author terms here “cinememory”. The paper focuses on a sub-genre of Holocaust-related films: coming-of-age films, which explore in different ways the lasting implications of growing-up in the shadow of sexualized trauma; the unconscious transmission of memories and tactile experiences, related to the ubiquity of sexual violence during the Holocaust.
KEYWORDS
coming-of-age, sexualized violence, transgenerational trauma, cinememory, ethics of remembrance
Cite this paper
References
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Ben-Sefer, E. (2010). Forced sterilization and abortion as sexual abuse. In S. M. Hedgepeth, & R. G. Saidel (Eds.), Sexual violence against Jewish women during the Holocaust (pp. 156-174). Waltham MA: Brandeis University Press.
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Cherrick, B. (Producer), & Lejtes, J. (Director). (1947). The great promise [Motion picture]. Palestine/USA: Jewish National Fund.
Danon, M., & Riklis, E. (Producer), & Chaplin, L., & Chaplin S. (Director). (2008). Burning Mooki [Motion picture]. Israel: Inosan Productions.
Doerr, K. (2000). Memories of history: Women and the Holocaust in autobiographical and fictional memoirs. Shofar: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Jewish Studies, 18(3), 49-63.
Dror, E. & Linn, R. (2010). The shame is always there. In S. M. Hedgepeth, & R. G. Saidel (Eds.), Sexual violence against Jewish women during the Holocaust (pp. 275-291). Waltham, MA: Brandeis University Press.
Edery, M. (Producer), & Nesher, A. (Director). (2010). Once I was [Motion picture]. Israel: Metro Communications; Artomas Communications; United Channel Movies.
Elsaesser, T. (2008). Absence as presence, presence as parapraxis. Framework: The Journal of Cinema and Media, 49(1), 106-120.
Flaschka, M. J. (2010). “Only pretty women were raped”: The effect of sexual violence on gender identities in the concentration camps. In S. M. Hedgepeth, & R. G. Saidel (Eds.), Sexual violence against Jewish women during the Holocaust (pp. 77-93). Waltham MA: Brandeis University Press.
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Gertz, N. (2004). Holocaust survivors, aliens and others in Israeli cinema and literature. Tel Aviv: Am Oved.
Goldenberg, M. (1996). From a world beyond: Women and the Holocaust (Review essay). Feminist Studies, 22, 667-687.
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Halbmayr, B. (2010). Sexualised violence against women during Nazi “racial” persecution. In S. M. Hedgepeth, & R. G. Saidel (Eds.), Sexual violence against Jewish women during the Holocaust (pp. 29-44). Waltham, MA: Brandeis University Press.
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Heinemann, M. E. (1986). Gender and destiny: Women writers and the Holocaust. Westport, CT: Greenwood.
Hirsch, M. (2008). The generation of postmemory. Poetics Today, 29(1), 105-118.
Horowitz, S. S. (2000). Gender, genocide and Jewish memory. Prooftexts: A Journal of Jewish Literary History, 20(1), 158-190.
Jacobs, J. (2010). Memorializing the Holocaust: Gender, genocide and collective memory. London and New York: I. B. Tauris.
Justin, J., & Wolman, D. (Producer), & Wolman, D. (Director). (1980). Hide and seek [Motion picture]. Israel: Israel Film Fund.
Ka-tzetnik 135633. (1955). House of dolls. (M. M. Kohn, Trans.). New York, NY: Simon & Schuster.
Ka-tzetnik 135633. (1963). Atrocity. (M. M. Kohn, Trans.). New York, NY: Lyle Stuart.
Ka-tzetnik 135633. (1977). Sunrise over hell. (Y. L. Barukh, Trans.). London: W. H. Allen.
Kaplanski, D. (Producer), & Berman, V. (Director). (2007). Josef and Maria [Motion picture]. Israel: Six Productions.
Kremer, L. S. (1999). Women’s Holocaust writing: memory and imagination. Lincoln NE: University of Nebraska Press.
Landsberg, A. (2004). Prosthetic memory: The transformation of American remembrance in the age of mass culture. New York, NY: Columbia University Press.
Lejtes, J. (Producer & Director). (1952). The faithful city [Motion picture]. Israel/USA: Moledet Films.
Levenkron, N. (2010). “Prostitution”, rape, and sexual slavery during World War II. In S. M. Hedgepeth, & R. G. Saidel (Eds.), Sexual violence against Jewish women during the Holocaust (pp. 13-28). Waltham, MA: Brandeis University Press.
Levin, M., & Klein, H. (Producer), & Klein, H. (Director). (1947). My father’s house [Motion picture]. Palestine/USA: Jewish National Fund.
Linden, R. R. (1993). Making stories, making selves: Feminist reflections on the Holocaust. Columbus, OH: Ohio State University Press.
Marks, L. U. (2002). Touch: Sensuous theory and multisensory media. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
Mushaben, J. M. (2004). Memory and the Holocaust: Processing the past through a gendered lens. History of the Human Sciences, 17(2/3), 147-185.
Myers, F. M. (2007). Absent fathers, present mothers: Images of parenthood in Holocaust survivor narratives. Nashim: A Journal of Jewish Women’s Studies, 13, 155-182.
Nussbam, R. (Producer & Director). (1960). The sun rises on the horizon [Motion picture]. Israel/Germany: Aero Film; Ran Film.
Ofer, D., & Weitzman, L. (Eds.) (1998). Women and the Holocaust. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
Patterson, D. (2013). The Nazi assault on the Jewish soul through the murder of the Jewish mother. In M. Goldenberg, & A. H. Shapiro (Eds.), Different horrors, same hell: Gender and the Holocaust (pp. 163-176). Seattle WA: University of Washington Press.
Pinchevski, A., & Brand, R. (2007). Holocaust perversions: The Stalags pulp fiction and the Eichmann Trial. Critical Studies in Media Communication, 24(5), 387-407.
Pine, L. (2008). Gender and Holocaust victims: A reappraisal. Journal of Jewish Identities, 1(2), 121-141.
Podolsky, A. (2010). The tragic fate of Ukrainian women under Nazi occupation, 1941-1944. In S. M. Hedgepeth, & R. G. Saidel (Eds.), Sexual violence against Jewish women during the Holocaust (pp. 94-107). Waltham MA: Brandeis University Press.
Ringelheim, J. M. (1984). The unethical and the unspeakable: Women and the Holocaust. Simon Wiesenthal Center Annual, 1, 69-87.
Ringelheim, J. M. (1985). Women and the Holocaust: A reconsideration of research. Signs, 10(4), 741-761.
Rittner, C., & Roth, J. K. (Eds.) (1993). Different voices: Women and the Holocaust. New York, NY: Paragon House.
Rizzoli, A. (Producer), & Fellini, F. (Director). (1963). 8½ [Motion picture]. Italy/France: Cineriz; Francinex.
Saidel, R. G. (2006). The Jewish women of Ravensbrück. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press.
Schoenfeld, G. (2001). Feminist approaches to the Holocaust. Prooftexts: A Journal of Jewish Literary History, 21(2), 277-283.
Sharir, C. (Producer), & Ben-Dor, O. (Director). (1994). Newland [Motion picture]. Israel: Sharir Films.
Sinnreich, H. J. (2010). The rape of Jewish women during the Holocaust. In S. M. Hedgepeth, & R. G. Saidel (Eds.), Sexual violence against Jewish women during the Holocaust (pp. 108-123). Waltham MA: Brandeis University Press.
Sivan, M. (2010). “Stoning the messenger”: Yehiel Dinur’s House of Dolls and Piepel. In S. M. Hedgepeth, & R. G. Saidel (Eds.), Sexual violence against Jewish women during the Holocaust (pp. 200-216).Waltham MA: Brandeis University Press.
Slonim, N. (Producer), & Gross, N. (Director). (1963). The cellar [Motion picture]. Israel: Shai Films.
Smith, R. W. (1994). Women and genocide: Notes on an unwritten history. Holocaust and Genocide Studies, 8(3), 315-334.
Sommer, R. (2010). Sexual exploitation of women in Nazi concentration camp brothels. In S. M. Hedgepeth, & R. G. Saidel (Eds.), Sexual violence against Jewish women during the Holocaust (pp. 45-60). Waltham MA: Brandeis University Press.
Szeintuch, Y. (1999). Key concepts in the writings of Ka-tzetnik. Hulyot: Studies in Yiddish Literature and its Relationship with Hebrew Literature, Vol. 5 (pp. 275-290). Jerusalem: Haifa, Tel Aviv and Bar Ilan Universities & Beit Lochamei Hagetaot.
Szeintuch, Y. (2003). KATZETNIK 135633: A series of dialogues with Yehiel De-Nur. Jerusalem: Beit Lochamei Hagetaot and Dov Sadan Institute.
Szeintuch, Y. (2009). Salamandra: Myth and history in Ka-tzetnik’s writings. Jerusalem: DovSadan Institute.
Tec, N. (2003). Resilience and courage: Women, men and the Holocaust. New Haven, CT and London: Yale University Press.
Wardi, D. (1992). Memorial candles: Children of the Holocaust. (N. Goldblum, Trans.). New York, NY: Routledge.
Waxman, Z. (2003). Unheard testimony, untold stories: The representation of women’s Holocaust experiences. Women’s History Review, 12(4), 661-677.
Waxman, Z. (2010). Rape and sexual abuse in hiding. In S. M. Hedgepeth, & R. G. Saidel (Eds), Sexual violence against Jewish women during the Holocaust (pp. 124-136). Waltham MA: Brandeis University Press.
Yosef, R. (2004). Beyond flesh: Queer masculinities and nationalism in Israeli cinema. New Brunswick, New Jersey, and London: Rutgers University Press.
Zanger, A. (2012). Place, memory and myth in contemporary Israeli cinema. Portland, OR: Vallentine Mitchell.
Zimmerman, M. (2002). Leave my Holocaust alone: The impact of the Holocaust on Israeli cinema and society. Haifa: Haifa University Press and Zmora-Bitan.
Allen, A. T. (1997). The Holocaust and the modernization of gender: A historiographical essay. Central European History, 30(3), 349-364.
Amesberger, H. (2010). Reproduction under the swastika: The other side of the glorification of motherhood. In S. M. Hedgepeth, & R. G. Saidel (Eds.), Sexual violence against Jewish women during the Holocaust (pp. 139-155). Waltham, MA: Brandeis University Press.
Amir, A. (Producer), & Bergman, N. (Director). (2010). Intimate grammar [Motion picture]. Israel: Libretto Films; Norma Productions.
Avisar, I. (2011). The Holocaust in Israeli cinema as a conflict between survival and morality. In M. Talmon, & Y. Peleg (Eds.), Israeli cinema: Identities in motion (pp. 151-167). Austin, TX: University of Texas Press.
Azrieli, S. (Producer), & Trope, T. (Director). (1987). Tel Aviv-Berlin [Motion picture]. Israel: Admor International Productions.
Bader, M. (1961). Stalag 13. Tel Aviv: Yanshuf.
Baer, E., & Goldenberg, M. (Eds.) (2003). Experience and expression: Women, the Nazis, and the Holocaust. Detroit, MI: Wayne State University Press.
Baumel, J. T. (1998). Double jeopardy: Gender and the Holocaust. London: Valentine Mitchell.
Baumel, J. T. (2000). “You said the words you wanted me to hear but I heard the words you couldn’t bring yourself to say”: Women’s first person accounts of the Holocaust. The Oral History Review, 27(1), 17-56.
Ben-Sefer, E. (2010). Forced sterilization and abortion as sexual abuse. In S. M. Hedgepeth, & R. G. Saidel (Eds.), Sexual violence against Jewish women during the Holocaust (pp. 156-174). Waltham MA: Brandeis University Press.
Bergen, D. (2013). What do studies of women, gender, and sexuality contribute to understanding the Holocaust?. In M. Goldenberg, & A. H. Shapiro (Eds.), Different horrors, same hell: Gender and the Holocaust (pp. 16-37). Seattle WA: University of Washington Press.
Chatwood, C. (2010). Schillinger and the dancer: Representing agency and sexual violence in Holocaust testimonies. In S. M. Hedgepeth, & R. G. Saidel (Eds.), Sexual violence against Jewish women during the Holocaust (pp. 61-74). Waltham, MA: Brandeis University Press.
Cherrick, B. (Producer), & Lejtes, J. (Director). (1947). The great promise [Motion picture]. Palestine/USA: Jewish National Fund.
Danon, M., & Riklis, E. (Producer), & Chaplin, L., & Chaplin S. (Director). (2008). Burning Mooki [Motion picture]. Israel: Inosan Productions.
Doerr, K. (2000). Memories of history: Women and the Holocaust in autobiographical and fictional memoirs. Shofar: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Jewish Studies, 18(3), 49-63.
Dror, E. & Linn, R. (2010). The shame is always there. In S. M. Hedgepeth, & R. G. Saidel (Eds.), Sexual violence against Jewish women during the Holocaust (pp. 275-291). Waltham, MA: Brandeis University Press.
Edery, M. (Producer), & Nesher, A. (Director). (2010). Once I was [Motion picture]. Israel: Metro Communications; Artomas Communications; United Channel Movies.
Elsaesser, T. (2008). Absence as presence, presence as parapraxis. Framework: The Journal of Cinema and Media, 49(1), 106-120.
Flaschka, M. J. (2010). “Only pretty women were raped”: The effect of sexual violence on gender identities in the concentration camps. In S. M. Hedgepeth, & R. G. Saidel (Eds.), Sexual violence against Jewish women during the Holocaust (pp. 77-93). Waltham MA: Brandeis University Press.
Freud, S. (1991 [1916]). Parapraxes. In J. Strachey, & A. Richards (Eds.), Sigmund Freud: Introductory lectures on psychoanalysis (pp. 39-108). London: Penguin Books.
Gampel, Y. (2005). Ces parents qui vivent à traversmoi: Les enfants des guerres (These parents who live through me: Children of wars). Paris: Librairie Arthème Fayard.
Gertz, N. (2004). Holocaust survivors, aliens and others in Israeli cinema and literature. Tel Aviv: Am Oved.
Goldenberg, M. (1996). From a world beyond: Women and the Holocaust (Review essay). Feminist Studies, 22, 667-687.
Goldenberg, M. (2013). Sex-based violence and the politics and ethics of survival. In M. Goldenberg, & A. H. Shapiro (Eds.), Different horrors, same hell: Gender and the Holocaust (pp. 99-131). Seattle WA: University of Washington Press.
Halbmayr, B. (2010). Sexualised violence against women during Nazi “racial” persecution. In S. M. Hedgepeth, & R. G. Saidel (Eds.), Sexual violence against Jewish women during the Holocaust (pp. 29-44). Waltham, MA: Brandeis University Press.
Hardy, J., Sanders, R., & Evan, E. (Producer), & Moshenson, I. (Director). (1978). Wooden gun [Motion picture]. Israel: Hardysanders Motion Pictures; Makor Films.
Heinemann, M. E. (1986). Gender and destiny: Women writers and the Holocaust. Westport, CT: Greenwood.
Hirsch, M. (2008). The generation of postmemory. Poetics Today, 29(1), 105-118.
Horowitz, S. S. (2000). Gender, genocide and Jewish memory. Prooftexts: A Journal of Jewish Literary History, 20(1), 158-190.
Jacobs, J. (2010). Memorializing the Holocaust: Gender, genocide and collective memory. London and New York: I. B. Tauris.
Justin, J., & Wolman, D. (Producer), & Wolman, D. (Director). (1980). Hide and seek [Motion picture]. Israel: Israel Film Fund.
Ka-tzetnik 135633. (1955). House of dolls. (M. M. Kohn, Trans.). New York, NY: Simon & Schuster.
Ka-tzetnik 135633. (1963). Atrocity. (M. M. Kohn, Trans.). New York, NY: Lyle Stuart.
Ka-tzetnik 135633. (1977). Sunrise over hell. (Y. L. Barukh, Trans.). London: W. H. Allen.
Kaplanski, D. (Producer), & Berman, V. (Director). (2007). Josef and Maria [Motion picture]. Israel: Six Productions.
Kremer, L. S. (1999). Women’s Holocaust writing: memory and imagination. Lincoln NE: University of Nebraska Press.
Landsberg, A. (2004). Prosthetic memory: The transformation of American remembrance in the age of mass culture. New York, NY: Columbia University Press.
Lejtes, J. (Producer & Director). (1952). The faithful city [Motion picture]. Israel/USA: Moledet Films.
Levenkron, N. (2010). “Prostitution”, rape, and sexual slavery during World War II. In S. M. Hedgepeth, & R. G. Saidel (Eds.), Sexual violence against Jewish women during the Holocaust (pp. 13-28). Waltham, MA: Brandeis University Press.
Levin, M., & Klein, H. (Producer), & Klein, H. (Director). (1947). My father’s house [Motion picture]. Palestine/USA: Jewish National Fund.
Linden, R. R. (1993). Making stories, making selves: Feminist reflections on the Holocaust. Columbus, OH: Ohio State University Press.
Marks, L. U. (2002). Touch: Sensuous theory and multisensory media. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
Mushaben, J. M. (2004). Memory and the Holocaust: Processing the past through a gendered lens. History of the Human Sciences, 17(2/3), 147-185.
Myers, F. M. (2007). Absent fathers, present mothers: Images of parenthood in Holocaust survivor narratives. Nashim: A Journal of Jewish Women’s Studies, 13, 155-182.
Nussbam, R. (Producer & Director). (1960). The sun rises on the horizon [Motion picture]. Israel/Germany: Aero Film; Ran Film.
Ofer, D., & Weitzman, L. (Eds.) (1998). Women and the Holocaust. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
Patterson, D. (2013). The Nazi assault on the Jewish soul through the murder of the Jewish mother. In M. Goldenberg, & A. H. Shapiro (Eds.), Different horrors, same hell: Gender and the Holocaust (pp. 163-176). Seattle WA: University of Washington Press.
Pinchevski, A., & Brand, R. (2007). Holocaust perversions: The Stalags pulp fiction and the Eichmann Trial. Critical Studies in Media Communication, 24(5), 387-407.
Pine, L. (2008). Gender and Holocaust victims: A reappraisal. Journal of Jewish Identities, 1(2), 121-141.
Podolsky, A. (2010). The tragic fate of Ukrainian women under Nazi occupation, 1941-1944. In S. M. Hedgepeth, & R. G. Saidel (Eds.), Sexual violence against Jewish women during the Holocaust (pp. 94-107). Waltham MA: Brandeis University Press.
Ringelheim, J. M. (1984). The unethical and the unspeakable: Women and the Holocaust. Simon Wiesenthal Center Annual, 1, 69-87.
Ringelheim, J. M. (1985). Women and the Holocaust: A reconsideration of research. Signs, 10(4), 741-761.
Rittner, C., & Roth, J. K. (Eds.) (1993). Different voices: Women and the Holocaust. New York, NY: Paragon House.
Rizzoli, A. (Producer), & Fellini, F. (Director). (1963). 8½ [Motion picture]. Italy/France: Cineriz; Francinex.
Saidel, R. G. (2006). The Jewish women of Ravensbrück. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press.
Schoenfeld, G. (2001). Feminist approaches to the Holocaust. Prooftexts: A Journal of Jewish Literary History, 21(2), 277-283.
Sharir, C. (Producer), & Ben-Dor, O. (Director). (1994). Newland [Motion picture]. Israel: Sharir Films.
Sinnreich, H. J. (2010). The rape of Jewish women during the Holocaust. In S. M. Hedgepeth, & R. G. Saidel (Eds.), Sexual violence against Jewish women during the Holocaust (pp. 108-123). Waltham MA: Brandeis University Press.
Sivan, M. (2010). “Stoning the messenger”: Yehiel Dinur’s House of Dolls and Piepel. In S. M. Hedgepeth, & R. G. Saidel (Eds.), Sexual violence against Jewish women during the Holocaust (pp. 200-216).Waltham MA: Brandeis University Press.
Slonim, N. (Producer), & Gross, N. (Director). (1963). The cellar [Motion picture]. Israel: Shai Films.
Smith, R. W. (1994). Women and genocide: Notes on an unwritten history. Holocaust and Genocide Studies, 8(3), 315-334.
Sommer, R. (2010). Sexual exploitation of women in Nazi concentration camp brothels. In S. M. Hedgepeth, & R. G. Saidel (Eds.), Sexual violence against Jewish women during the Holocaust (pp. 45-60). Waltham MA: Brandeis University Press.
Szeintuch, Y. (1999). Key concepts in the writings of Ka-tzetnik. Hulyot: Studies in Yiddish Literature and its Relationship with Hebrew Literature, Vol. 5 (pp. 275-290). Jerusalem: Haifa, Tel Aviv and Bar Ilan Universities & Beit Lochamei Hagetaot.
Szeintuch, Y. (2003). KATZETNIK 135633: A series of dialogues with Yehiel De-Nur. Jerusalem: Beit Lochamei Hagetaot and Dov Sadan Institute.
Szeintuch, Y. (2009). Salamandra: Myth and history in Ka-tzetnik’s writings. Jerusalem: DovSadan Institute.
Tec, N. (2003). Resilience and courage: Women, men and the Holocaust. New Haven, CT and London: Yale University Press.
Wardi, D. (1992). Memorial candles: Children of the Holocaust. (N. Goldblum, Trans.). New York, NY: Routledge.
Waxman, Z. (2003). Unheard testimony, untold stories: The representation of women’s Holocaust experiences. Women’s History Review, 12(4), 661-677.
Waxman, Z. (2010). Rape and sexual abuse in hiding. In S. M. Hedgepeth, & R. G. Saidel (Eds), Sexual violence against Jewish women during the Holocaust (pp. 124-136). Waltham MA: Brandeis University Press.
Yosef, R. (2004). Beyond flesh: Queer masculinities and nationalism in Israeli cinema. New Brunswick, New Jersey, and London: Rutgers University Press.
Zanger, A. (2012). Place, memory and myth in contemporary Israeli cinema. Portland, OR: Vallentine Mitchell.
Zimmerman, M. (2002). Leave my Holocaust alone: The impact of the Holocaust on Israeli cinema and society. Haifa: Haifa University Press and Zmora-Bitan.