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Article
The Role of the Forest in German Literature: From the Medieval Forest to the Grünes Band
Author(s)
Albrecht Classen
Full-Text PDF
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DOI:10.17265/2159-5836/2014.03.001
Affiliation(s)
University of Arizona, Tucson, USA
ABSTRACT
This paper demonstrates how much the forest was used by medieval writers as a symbolic space where critical events take place deeply affecting their protagonists. The forest motif can be found in the works of St. Augustine as well as in Dante’s Divina Commedia (ca. 1308-1321), and then in a plethora of other texts. Here the author examines more closely the symbolic meaning of the forest as a mysterious, dangerous, yet also spiritual location in Wolfram von Eschenbach’s Titurel (ca. 1220) and then in two 15th-century prose novels: Thüring von Ringoltingen’s Melusine (1456) and the anonymous Fortunatus (1509). Each time we recognize how much the poets placed their central figures one in the forest where their life takes a major turn. Recognizing this intriguing function of the forest as a metaphor and symbol, we can employ the modern interest in and fascination with the forest as a refuge from the destruction of the natural environment through modern civilization as segue to attract students to the study of medieval literature once again.
KEYWORDS
forest as symbol, St. Augustine, Dante Alighieri, Wolfram von Eschenbach, Thüring von Ringoltingen, Fortunatus, relevance of medieval literature
Cite this paper
References
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Classen, A. (1990). Utopie und logos (Utopia and logos). Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag.
Classen, A. (1995). The German Volksbuch: A critical history of a late-medieval genre. Lewiston, NY, Queenston, and Lampeter: Edwin Mellen Press.
Classen, A. (2000). Die Suche nach der Utopie in der Gralswelt. Albrechts (von Scharfenberg) Der jüngere Titurel (The search for utopia in Albrecht (von Scharfenberg)’s The younger Titurel). In B. R. Fernández (Ed.), Parzival. Reescritura y Transformación (pp. 133-156). Valencia: Universitat de València.
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Classen, A. (Ed.). (2012). Rural space in the Middle Ages and Early Modern Age: The spatial turn in premodern studies. Berlin and Boston: Walter de Gruyter.
Cornelius, R. (2010). Vom Todesstreifen zur Lebenslinie: Wartburg–Werra–Rhön: Mensch und Natur am Grünen Band Deutschlands (From the death strip to the life line: Wartburg-Werra-Rhön: Humans and nature at the Green Band in Germany). Niederaula: Auwel-Verlag.
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Doob, P. (1990). The idea of the labyrinth from classical antiquity through the Middle Ages. Ithaca, NY, and London: Cornell University Press.
Drittenbass, C., & Schnyder, A. (Eds.). (2010). Eulenspiegel trifft Melusine: Der frühneuhochdeutsche Prosaroman im Licht neuer Forschungen und Methoden. Akten der Lausanner Tagung vom 2. bis 4. Oktober 2008 (Eulenspiegel meets Melusine: The early new high German prose novel in light of new research and methods: Proceedings of the Lausanne meeting October 2 to 4, 2008). Amsterdam and New York: Editions Rodopi.
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Eco, U. (1994). Six walks in the fictional woods (Charles Eliot Norton lectures, 1993). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Elliott, R. W. V. (1979). Woods and forests in the Gawain country. Neuphilologische Mitteilungen, 80, 48-64.
Fischer, H. (2011). Wald. In R. W. Brednich, (Ed.), Enzyklopädie des Märchens (Encyclopedia of the fairy tale) (pp. 434-443). Berlin and Boston: Walter de Gruyter.
Frobel, K., Geidezis, L., & Kreutz, M. (2011). Erlebnis Grünes Band (Experience of the green band). Bonn-Bad Godesberg: Bundesamt für Naturschutz.
Fuhrmann, H. (1996). Überall ist Mittelalter: Von der Gegenwart einer vergangenen Zeit (The Middle Ages are everywhere: From the presence of a past era). Munich: C. H. Beck.
Gadebusch Bondio, M. (Ed.). (2005). Blood in history and blood histories. Florence: SISMEL, Edizioni del Galluzzo.
Gilbert, J. (1997). The practice of gender in Aucassin et Nicolette. Forum for Modern Language Studies, 33(3), 217-228.
Giono, J. (1954/1985). The man who planted trees. Chelsea, VT: Chelsea Green Publishing Company.
Gotzkowsky, B. (1991). “Volksbücher”: Prosaromane, Renaissancenovellen, Versdichtungen und Schwankbücher: Bibliographir der deutschen Drucke. Part I: Drucke des 15. und 16. Jahrhunderts (“Popular books”: Prose novels, renaissance novellas, verse narratives, and jest narratives: Bibliography of the German prints: Part I: Prints of the 15th and 16th centuries). Baden-Baden: Verlag Valentin Koerner.
Hartmann, H. (2010). Utopias/Utopian thought. In A. Classen (Ed.), Handbook of medieval studies: Terms—Methods—Trends (pp. 1400-1408). Berlin and New York: Walter de Gruyter.
Haug, W. (1980/1989). Erzählen vom Tode her (Talking from the perspective of death). Strukturen als Schlüssel zur Welt: Kleine Schriften zur Erzählliteratur des Mittelalters (Structures as the keys to the world: Short studies on the narrative literature of the Middle Ages) (pp. 541-553). Tübingen: Max Niemeyer.
Hiltner, K. (Ed.). (2013). Ecocriticism: The essential reader. New York and London: Routledge.
Kinoshita, S., & McCracken, P. (2012). Marie de France: A critical companion. Woodbridge: D. S. Brewer.
Kipfer, S., Goone Wardena, K., Schmid, C., & Milgrom, R. (Eds.). (2008). Space, difference, everyday life: Reading Henri Lefebvre. New York and London: Routledge.
Lefebvre, H. (1974/1991). The production of space. (D. Nicholson-Smith, Trans.). Malden, MA, and Oxford: Blackwell.
Lehmann, A. (Ed.). (1998). Der Wald—ein deutscher Mythos?: Perspektiven eines Kulturthemas (The forest—A German myth? Perspectives of a culture theme). Berlin: Reimer.
Lekan, T., & Zeller, T. (Eds.) (2005). Germany’s nature: Cultural landscapes and environmental history. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.
Marie de France. (2010). The lays of Marie de France. (E. J. Gallagher, Trans.). Indianapolis and Cambridge: Hackett Publishing.
Miedema, N., & Sieber, A. (Eds.). (2013). Zurück zum Mittelalter: Neue Perspektiven für den Deutschunterricht (Back to the Middle Ages: New perspectives for teaching German). Frankfurt a. M., Berlin, et al.: Peter Lang.
Müller, J.-D. (Ed.). (1990). Romane des 15. und 16. Jahrhunderts (Novels of the 15th and 16th centuries). Frankfurt a. M.: Deutscher Klassiker Verlag.
Perez, R. A. (2012). The forest as locus of transition and transformation in the epic romance Berte aus grans pies. In A. Classen (Ed.), Rural space in the Middle Ages: The spatial turn in premodern studies (pp. 433-450). Berlin and Boston: Walter de Gruyter.
Physiologus. (1979). (M. J. Curley, Trans.). Austin: University of Texas Press.
Robinson Kelly, M. (2009). The hero’s place: Medieval literary traditions of space and belonging. Washington, DC: The Catholic University of America Press.
Rudd, G. (2007). Greenery: Ecocritical readings of late medieval English literature. Manchester medieval literature. Manchester and New York: Manchester University Press.
Sabine, O. (Ed.). (2009). Tiere und Fabelwesen im Mittelalter (Animals and fable creatures in the Middle Ages). Berlin and New York: Walter de Gruyter.
Sager, A. (2006). Minne von maeren: On Wolfram’s “Titurel” (Courtly love resulting from verse narratives: On Wolfram’s “Titurel”). Göttingen: V & R unipress.
Saunders, C. J. (1993). The forest of medieval romance: Avernus, Broceliande, Arden. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Scarborough, C. (2013). Inscribing the environment: Ecocritical approaches to medieval Spanish literature. Berlin and Boston: Walter de Gruyter.
Schulze, U. (Ed.). (2010). Nibelungenlied. (S. Grosse, Trans.). Stuttgart: Reclam.
Semmler, J. (Ed.). (1991). Der Wald in Mittelalter und Renaissance (The forest in the Middle Ages and the renaissance). Düsseldorf: Droste Verlag.
Tax, P. W. (2011). Tragische spiegelungen: Herrschaft und sukzession, rang und stand in Wolframs “Titurel” (Tragic reflections: Domination and succession, rank and station in Wolfram’s “Titurel”). Zeitschrift für deutsches Altertum und deutsche Literatur, 140, 38-57.
Theis, J. S. (2009). Writing the forest in early Modern England: A sylvan pastoral Nation. Medieval & renaissance literary studies. Pittsburgh, PA: Duquesne University Press.
Thomasset, C., & James-Raoul, D. (Eds.). (2005). En quête d’utopies (In the search of utopias). Paris: Presses de l’Université Paris-Sorbonne.
Vantuono, W. (Ed.). (Trans.). (1991). Sir Gawain and the green knight (A dual language version). New York and London: Garland.
Walker Bynum, C. (2007). Wonderful blood: Theology and practice in late medieval northern Germany and beyond. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press,
Walther von der Vogelweide. (2013; orig. 1827). Leich, Lieder, Sangsprüchel (15th ed.) (Edition der Melodien von Horst Brunner). T. Bein, (Ed.). Berlin and Boston: Walter de Gruyter.
Whalen, L. E. (Ed.). (2011). A companion to Marie de France. Leiden and Boston: Brill.
Wilson, J. K. (2012). The German forest: Nature, identity, and the contestation of a national symbol, 1871-1914. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
Wittenwiler, H. (2012). Der Ring: Text—Übersetzung—Kommentar. Nach der Münchener Handschrift herausgegeben, übersetzt und erläutert von Werner Röcke unter Mitarbeit von Annika Goldenbaum. Mit einem Abdruck des Textes nach Edmund Wießner (The ring: Text—translation—commentary: Edited on the basis of the Munich manuscript, translated and explained by Werner Röcke together with Annika Goldenbaum. With a reprint of the text edited by Edmund Wießner). Berlin and Boston: Walter de Gruyter.
Wolfram von Eschenbach. (1988). Titurel and the songs. (M. E. Gibbs, & S. M. Johnson, Trans.). New York and London: Garland.
Wolfram von Eschenbach. (1998). Parzival: Studienausgabe (Parzival: A critical editions for students). (P. Knecht, Trans.). Berlin and New York: Walter de Gruyter.
Wolfram von Eschenbach. (2003). Titurel. (H. Brackert, & S. Fuchs-Jolie, Trans.). Berlin and New York: Walter de Gruyter.
Wyss, U. (1974). Selbstkritik des Erzählers: Ein Versuch über Wolframs Titurelfragment (Self criticism of the narrator: An attempt with Wolfram’s Titurel fragments). Zeitschrift für deutsches Altertum und deutsche Literatur, 103, 249-289.
Zechner, J. (2006). “Ewiger Wald und ewiges Volk”: Die Ideologisierung des deutschen Waldes im Nationalsozialismus (“Eternal forest and eternal people”: The ideologization of the German forest by the National Socialists). Freising: Technische Universität München, Lehrstuhl für Landschaftsökologie.
Zink, M. (1996/1998). The enchantment of the Middle Ages. (J. M. Todd, Trans.). Baltimore and London: The Johns Hopkins University Press.
Adam, W. (1988). Poetische und kritische Wälder: Untersuchungen zu Geschichte und Formen des Schreibens “bei Gelegenheit” (Poetic and critical forests: Studies on the history and form of occasional writings). Heidelberg: Winter.
Angeli, G. (2006). “Le ambiguità dell” “idillio” nei primi racconti francesi da Piramus et Tisbé a Aucassin et Nicolette (The ambiguity of the “idyllic” from the first accounts of Piramus and Thisbé to Aucassin and Nicolette). Rivista di Letterature Moderne e Comparate, 59(2), 137-150.
Augustine. (1960). The confessions of St. Augustine. (J. K. Ryan, Trans.). New York: Doubleday.
Augustine. (1992). Confessions (vol. I: Introduction and Text). J. J. O’Donnell, (Ed.). Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Bildhauer, B. (2006). Medieval blood. Religion and culture in the Middle Ages. Cardiff: University of Wales Press.
Brewer, D., & Gibson, J. (Eds.). (1997). A companion to the Gawain-poet. Woodbridge, Suffolk, UK, and Rochester, NY: D. S. Brewer.
Bumke, J. (2001). Die Blutstrophen im Schnee: Über Wahrnehmung und Erkenntnis im “Parzival” Wolframs von Eschenbach (The drops of blood in the snow: On perception and understanding in Wolfram von Eschenbach’s “Parzival”). Tübingen: Max Niemeyer.
Chazelle, C., Doubleday, S., Lifshitz, F., & Remensnyder, A. G. (Eds.). (2012). Why the Middle Ages matter: Medieval light on modern injustice. London and New York: Routledge.
Classen, A. (1990). Utopie und logos (Utopia and logos). Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag.
Classen, A. (1995). The German Volksbuch: A critical history of a late-medieval genre. Lewiston, NY, Queenston, and Lampeter: Edwin Mellen Press.
Classen, A. (2000). Die Suche nach der Utopie in der Gralswelt. Albrechts (von Scharfenberg) Der jüngere Titurel (The search for utopia in Albrecht (von Scharfenberg)’s The younger Titurel). In B. R. Fernández (Ed.), Parzival. Reescritura y Transformación (pp. 133-156). Valencia: Universitat de València.
Classen, A. (2012). The role of the humanities past and present: Future perspectives based on ancient ideas: Reflections by a medievalist. Alfinge: Revista de Filología, 24, 9-30.
Classen, A. (Ed.). (2012). Rural space in the Middle Ages and Early Modern Age: The spatial turn in premodern studies. Berlin and Boston: Walter de Gruyter.
Cornelius, R. (2010). Vom Todesstreifen zur Lebenslinie: Wartburg–Werra–Rhön: Mensch und Natur am Grünen Band Deutschlands (From the death strip to the life line: Wartburg-Werra-Rhön: Humans and nature at the Green Band in Germany). Niederaula: Auwel-Verlag.
Dallapiazza, M. (2009). Wolfram von Eschenbach: Parzival. Berlin: Erich Schmidt Verlag.
Dante Alighieri. (1974). The divine comedy (Vol. 1: Inferno). (M. Musa, Trans.). London: Penguin.
Doob, P. (1990). The idea of the labyrinth from classical antiquity through the Middle Ages. Ithaca, NY, and London: Cornell University Press.
Drittenbass, C., & Schnyder, A. (Eds.). (2010). Eulenspiegel trifft Melusine: Der frühneuhochdeutsche Prosaroman im Licht neuer Forschungen und Methoden. Akten der Lausanner Tagung vom 2. bis 4. Oktober 2008 (Eulenspiegel meets Melusine: The early new high German prose novel in light of new research and methods: Proceedings of the Lausanne meeting October 2 to 4, 2008). Amsterdam and New York: Editions Rodopi.
Dufournet, J. (Ed.). (1984). Aucassin et Nicolette (Aucassin and Nicolette). Paris: Garnier-Flammarion.
Eco, U. (1994). Six walks in the fictional woods (Charles Eliot Norton lectures, 1993). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Elliott, R. W. V. (1979). Woods and forests in the Gawain country. Neuphilologische Mitteilungen, 80, 48-64.
Fischer, H. (2011). Wald. In R. W. Brednich, (Ed.), Enzyklopädie des Märchens (Encyclopedia of the fairy tale) (pp. 434-443). Berlin and Boston: Walter de Gruyter.
Frobel, K., Geidezis, L., & Kreutz, M. (2011). Erlebnis Grünes Band (Experience of the green band). Bonn-Bad Godesberg: Bundesamt für Naturschutz.
Fuhrmann, H. (1996). Überall ist Mittelalter: Von der Gegenwart einer vergangenen Zeit (The Middle Ages are everywhere: From the presence of a past era). Munich: C. H. Beck.
Gadebusch Bondio, M. (Ed.). (2005). Blood in history and blood histories. Florence: SISMEL, Edizioni del Galluzzo.
Gilbert, J. (1997). The practice of gender in Aucassin et Nicolette. Forum for Modern Language Studies, 33(3), 217-228.
Giono, J. (1954/1985). The man who planted trees. Chelsea, VT: Chelsea Green Publishing Company.
Gotzkowsky, B. (1991). “Volksbücher”: Prosaromane, Renaissancenovellen, Versdichtungen und Schwankbücher: Bibliographir der deutschen Drucke. Part I: Drucke des 15. und 16. Jahrhunderts (“Popular books”: Prose novels, renaissance novellas, verse narratives, and jest narratives: Bibliography of the German prints: Part I: Prints of the 15th and 16th centuries). Baden-Baden: Verlag Valentin Koerner.
Hartmann, H. (2010). Utopias/Utopian thought. In A. Classen (Ed.), Handbook of medieval studies: Terms—Methods—Trends (pp. 1400-1408). Berlin and New York: Walter de Gruyter.
Haug, W. (1980/1989). Erzählen vom Tode her (Talking from the perspective of death). Strukturen als Schlüssel zur Welt: Kleine Schriften zur Erzählliteratur des Mittelalters (Structures as the keys to the world: Short studies on the narrative literature of the Middle Ages) (pp. 541-553). Tübingen: Max Niemeyer.
Hiltner, K. (Ed.). (2013). Ecocriticism: The essential reader. New York and London: Routledge.
Kinoshita, S., & McCracken, P. (2012). Marie de France: A critical companion. Woodbridge: D. S. Brewer.
Kipfer, S., Goone Wardena, K., Schmid, C., & Milgrom, R. (Eds.). (2008). Space, difference, everyday life: Reading Henri Lefebvre. New York and London: Routledge.
Lefebvre, H. (1974/1991). The production of space. (D. Nicholson-Smith, Trans.). Malden, MA, and Oxford: Blackwell.
Lehmann, A. (Ed.). (1998). Der Wald—ein deutscher Mythos?: Perspektiven eines Kulturthemas (The forest—A German myth? Perspectives of a culture theme). Berlin: Reimer.
Lekan, T., & Zeller, T. (Eds.) (2005). Germany’s nature: Cultural landscapes and environmental history. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.
Marie de France. (2010). The lays of Marie de France. (E. J. Gallagher, Trans.). Indianapolis and Cambridge: Hackett Publishing.
Miedema, N., & Sieber, A. (Eds.). (2013). Zurück zum Mittelalter: Neue Perspektiven für den Deutschunterricht (Back to the Middle Ages: New perspectives for teaching German). Frankfurt a. M., Berlin, et al.: Peter Lang.
Müller, J.-D. (Ed.). (1990). Romane des 15. und 16. Jahrhunderts (Novels of the 15th and 16th centuries). Frankfurt a. M.: Deutscher Klassiker Verlag.
Perez, R. A. (2012). The forest as locus of transition and transformation in the epic romance Berte aus grans pies. In A. Classen (Ed.), Rural space in the Middle Ages: The spatial turn in premodern studies (pp. 433-450). Berlin and Boston: Walter de Gruyter.
Physiologus. (1979). (M. J. Curley, Trans.). Austin: University of Texas Press.
Robinson Kelly, M. (2009). The hero’s place: Medieval literary traditions of space and belonging. Washington, DC: The Catholic University of America Press.
Rudd, G. (2007). Greenery: Ecocritical readings of late medieval English literature. Manchester medieval literature. Manchester and New York: Manchester University Press.
Sabine, O. (Ed.). (2009). Tiere und Fabelwesen im Mittelalter (Animals and fable creatures in the Middle Ages). Berlin and New York: Walter de Gruyter.
Sager, A. (2006). Minne von maeren: On Wolfram’s “Titurel” (Courtly love resulting from verse narratives: On Wolfram’s “Titurel”). Göttingen: V & R unipress.
Saunders, C. J. (1993). The forest of medieval romance: Avernus, Broceliande, Arden. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Scarborough, C. (2013). Inscribing the environment: Ecocritical approaches to medieval Spanish literature. Berlin and Boston: Walter de Gruyter.
Schulze, U. (Ed.). (2010). Nibelungenlied. (S. Grosse, Trans.). Stuttgart: Reclam.
Semmler, J. (Ed.). (1991). Der Wald in Mittelalter und Renaissance (The forest in the Middle Ages and the renaissance). Düsseldorf: Droste Verlag.
Tax, P. W. (2011). Tragische spiegelungen: Herrschaft und sukzession, rang und stand in Wolframs “Titurel” (Tragic reflections: Domination and succession, rank and station in Wolfram’s “Titurel”). Zeitschrift für deutsches Altertum und deutsche Literatur, 140, 38-57.
Theis, J. S. (2009). Writing the forest in early Modern England: A sylvan pastoral Nation. Medieval & renaissance literary studies. Pittsburgh, PA: Duquesne University Press.
Thomasset, C., & James-Raoul, D. (Eds.). (2005). En quête d’utopies (In the search of utopias). Paris: Presses de l’Université Paris-Sorbonne.
Vantuono, W. (Ed.). (Trans.). (1991). Sir Gawain and the green knight (A dual language version). New York and London: Garland.
Walker Bynum, C. (2007). Wonderful blood: Theology and practice in late medieval northern Germany and beyond. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press,
Walther von der Vogelweide. (2013; orig. 1827). Leich, Lieder, Sangsprüchel (15th ed.) (Edition der Melodien von Horst Brunner). T. Bein, (Ed.). Berlin and Boston: Walter de Gruyter.
Whalen, L. E. (Ed.). (2011). A companion to Marie de France. Leiden and Boston: Brill.
Wilson, J. K. (2012). The German forest: Nature, identity, and the contestation of a national symbol, 1871-1914. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
Wittenwiler, H. (2012). Der Ring: Text—Übersetzung—Kommentar. Nach der Münchener Handschrift herausgegeben, übersetzt und erläutert von Werner Röcke unter Mitarbeit von Annika Goldenbaum. Mit einem Abdruck des Textes nach Edmund Wießner (The ring: Text—translation—commentary: Edited on the basis of the Munich manuscript, translated and explained by Werner Röcke together with Annika Goldenbaum. With a reprint of the text edited by Edmund Wießner). Berlin and Boston: Walter de Gruyter.
Wolfram von Eschenbach. (1988). Titurel and the songs. (M. E. Gibbs, & S. M. Johnson, Trans.). New York and London: Garland.
Wolfram von Eschenbach. (1998). Parzival: Studienausgabe (Parzival: A critical editions for students). (P. Knecht, Trans.). Berlin and New York: Walter de Gruyter.
Wolfram von Eschenbach. (2003). Titurel. (H. Brackert, & S. Fuchs-Jolie, Trans.). Berlin and New York: Walter de Gruyter.
Wyss, U. (1974). Selbstkritik des Erzählers: Ein Versuch über Wolframs Titurelfragment (Self criticism of the narrator: An attempt with Wolfram’s Titurel fragments). Zeitschrift für deutsches Altertum und deutsche Literatur, 103, 249-289.
Zechner, J. (2006). “Ewiger Wald und ewiges Volk”: Die Ideologisierung des deutschen Waldes im Nationalsozialismus (“Eternal forest and eternal people”: The ideologization of the German forest by the National Socialists). Freising: Technische Universität München, Lehrstuhl für Landschaftsökologie.
Zink, M. (1996/1998). The enchantment of the Middle Ages. (J. M. Todd, Trans.). Baltimore and London: The Johns Hopkins University Press.